1 10 80 https://hist231.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/604eb44f5d5964d0724796a79c4b1391.jpg 70912d00322baa105317fe3b13521790 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Columbus" Map Description An account of the resource The “Columbus” Map (Carta de Cristóbal Colón) combines a portolan chart and a mappamundi on a single piece of parchment. In only four colors (red, green, black and goldleaf), it portrays both a navigable world and its place in the cosmic universe. The majority of the map is a square portolan chart, complete with compasses and scale bars. Rhumb lines crisscross the Atlantic Ocean, Europe, the Mediterranean, and Africa, and the coastlines teem with port names. On the continents, unique buildings mark large cities, flags denote political territories, and mountains, rivers, and trees decorate the continents. Two human figures, perhaps engaged in combat, and are drawn in Africa, and several short Latin descriptions provide commentary on various locations. Adjacent to this chart, a circular mappamundi depicts and describes Africa, Europe, Asia, islands, oceans, and Paradise. Nine spheres with the sun, moon, planets, and constellations surround this representation of the earth. This unsigned map has highly contested authorship. Charles de La Ronciere attributed it to Christopher and Bartholomew Columbus, though others have suggested it may have been commissioned rather than created by them, or the creator may have only had an indirect connection to the Columbus brothers. The map was created sometime between 1492 and 1500, based on the limits of geographic discoveries and the political demarcation of a Spanish flag in Granada. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Unknown - Perhaps Columbus Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Bibliothèque nationale de France, département Cartes et plans, CPL GE AA-562 (RES) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Single map Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available La Carta De Cristóbal Colón: Mapa Portulano, Ca. 1492-1500. Barcelona: M. Moleiro Editor, S.A., 1995. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1492x1500 Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. manuscript Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Special Collections, Carleton College, Northfield, MN groshk Relation A related resource <a href="http://expositions.bnf.fr/marine/grand/por_013.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">http://expositions.bnf.fr/marine/grand/por_013.htm</a> <a href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b59062629" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b59062629</a> Language A language of the resource Latin Type The nature or genre of the resource Portolan Chart Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context <a href="https://bridge.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01BRC_INST/1tn7c8c/alma991013341839702971" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Carleton Library Special Collections Map (Map, Rolled) G3201.P5 1492 .C3 1995</a> Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Europe, Mediterranean Sea, Atlantic Ocean, Africa References A related resource that is referenced, cited, or otherwise pointed to by the described resource. Bibliothèque Nationale de France. “Carte dite de Christophe Colomb.” http://expositions.bnf.fr/marine/grand/por_013.htm Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Galicia. “Carte marine de l'océan Atlantique Nord-Est, de la mer Baltique, de la mer Méditerranée et de la mer Noire, accompagnée d'une mappemonde circulaire.” Accessed June 4, 2018. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b59062629/f1.item.r=carte%20christophe%20colomb.zoom Astengo, Corradino. “The Renaissance Chart Tradition in the Mediterranean” In The History of Cartography, Volume 3, edited by David Woodward, 174-177. Chicago: University of Chicago, 2007. La Carta De Cristóbal Colón: Mapa Portulano, Ca. 1492-1500. Barcelona: M. Moleiro Editor, S.A., 1995. Siebold, Jim. “The Christopher Columbus Chart.” Map Index #257. Last updated May 28, 2018. http://www.myoldmaps.com/late-medieval-maps-1300/257-the-christopher-columbu/257-columbus.pdf city icons flags mountains Paradise Red Sea trees Wind roses https://hist231.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/778cde0848c34fc1a29ee9ca0eddc368.jpeg a3e18b908196309d70d6e890ef3e4ed6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Hildesia / Hildesheim" from Topographie Niedersachsen Description An account of the resource Matthäeus Merian the Elder was born in Basel (modern Switzerland) in 1593. He began his career as a stained glass designer, but switched to engraving, working under Dietrich Meyer (1572-1658). In his early career, Merian the Elder found work in Strasburg, Paris, Stuttgart, and finally Oppenheim, where he was employed at the publishing firm of Johann Theodor de Bry. He went on to marry de Bry’s daughter, and the two returned to Basel where their first son, Matthäeus the Younger was born in 1621. In 1623, de Bry died, leaving his workshop in sole possession of his son-in-law. Matthäeus the Elder operated for the remainder of his life out of Oppenheim and the nearby city of Frankfurt until his death in 1650. Matthäeus Merian the Younger also went on to work as an engraver as well as a portrait painter. He spent much of his youth traveling, spending considerable time in Italy and Nuremberg. Upon his father’s death, he took over management of the workshop. Matthäeus the Younger likely contributed illustrations to the Topographia Germaniae, and was responsible for publishing the remaining volumes after 1650. This engraving of the city Hildesheim is originally from the Topographie Niedersachsen, written by Martin Zeiler and illustrated in the workshop of Matthäeus Merian. It is one of two representations of this German city in the atlas series; the other is a plan view. This black-and-white engraving depicts the city from an elevated position in the northeast, as if the viewer is looking from a hill outside the city or looking from a bird’s eye view. The upper two fifths of this city view is the sky. In the middle of the sky is the emblem of the city, which features an eagle. The emblem is surrounded by a wreath decorated with flowing ribbons on the top. The name of the city, in both Latin and German forms, appears on the two sides of the emblem. Blank white space represents the sky, while horizontal lines form organic shapes to represent clouds. Below the sky, we see the distant hills and farmlands outside the city. Trees cover most of the hills. Small, thin, wiggly and repetitive lines depict the distant forests. In contrast to the dense forest, the rather blank area with parallel lines are the farmlands. Some marks suggestive of towns do exist, but they are not as elaborate or detailed as those near or inside the city. The city appears in the middle ground, protected by a fortified wall and a moat. Due to the elevated perspective, the buildings’ roofs are the main subjects, while tree canopies appear occasionally. No animals or human figures appear inside the city. The engraver successfully conveys a large variety of buildings with small liner strokes, including buildings with complex pointed towers. By changing how packed the lines are, the engraver creates shadows and shading to suggest the light comes from the east. Capitalized letters appear next to some of the buildings. A viewer can find the names for those buildings using the scroll with explanatory legends at the bottom of the engraving. The engraver depicts a peaceful Hildesheim, not interrupted by the Thirty-Years War. David Paisey says: “the Topographiae Germaniae, comprising hundreds of engravings, of which Merian was justly proud, record[ed] as he intended a Germany untouched by the dreadful War that lasted most of his adult life." (Paisey 85) A closeup depiction of the countryside and a hill are in the foreground. In this area, human figures and animals are occupied with daily activities. For example, in the lower left, two figures and a three- horse wagon are heading toward the city gate. There are also farmers sowing the farmlands and travelers resting on the hill. (Yuewei Wang ‘24 and Evan Orjala ‘24) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Matthäeus Merian the Elder, Matthäeus Merian the Younger Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Merian the Elder, Matthäeus, and Martin Zeiler. Topographie Niedersachsen. Frankfurt, 1641-54. Gould Library Special Collections & Archives, Carleton College, Northfield, MN. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Sheet map removed from an atlas or book. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1653 Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Engraving Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Special Collections, Carleton College, Northfield, MN Relation A related resource <a href="https://www.dhm.de/mediathek/merians-deutschland-1642-1654/bildergalerie-topographia-germaniae/band-14-niedersachsen-sachsen-anhalt/?tx_dhm_gallery%5BgalleryItem%5D=510&tx_dhm_gallery%5Baction%5D=show&tx_dhm_gallery%5Bcontroller%5D=Gallery&cHash=ac020764ef7c8f73b593ca109e9a19ce" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View of Hildesia/Hildsheim. Merian's Germany at the Deutsches Historisches Museum</a> Language A language of the resource Latin, German. Type The nature or genre of the resource city view Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context <a href="https://bridge.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01BRC_INST/1tn7c8c/alma991014884019702971" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Carleton Library Oversize Books (D915 .Z4 1644a)</a> Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Hildesheim, Germany. References A related resource that is referenced, cited, or otherwise pointed to by the described resource. Harley, J. B., David Woodward, Mark S. Monmonier, and Mary Sponberg Pedley. The History of Cartography. Edited by J. B. (John Brian) Harley, David Woodward, Mark S. Monmonier, and Mary Sponberg Pedley. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. Merian, Matthaeus, and Joannes Jonstonus. 1300 Real and Fanciful Animals : from Seventeenth-Century Engravings, Matthäus Merian the Younger. Mineola, N.Y: Dover Publications, 1998. Paisey, David. Review of Matthaeus Merian, by Wilhelm Bingsohn, Ulrike Fuchs, Rosa Neugebauer, and Ute Schneider. Print Quarterly 12, no. 1 (1995): 83–85. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41825192. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Rights for maps held by individual publishers and institutions. Thumbnails displayed constitute fair use. 17th century animals churches city views city walls countryside Europe farms forests Germany hills horses people trees https://hist231.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/264f6114c9c8ca9517cfce2d5a8172b1.jpg d595a231e4e37cb06ffda3b08b3d07a2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Agas Map of London Description An account of the resource The Agas Map of London or Civitas Londinum, a woodcut printed from 8 blocks, presents a city view of London and its surrounding environs designed to be displayed on a wall. This 1633 work is a possible reproduction of an older copperplate map (of which only two plates survive), offering an explanation to the Agas Map’s lack of a clearly defined border. The River Thames runs the entire width of the map, dividing the map and city into two sections; it is filled with numerous boats, London Bridge divides the river, containing ocean going ships on the right and numerous small barges and rowboats to the left. The mapmaker affirms London’s importance as a trading hub, the entrepot between the English hinterlands and the world, through the inclusion of such a diversity of vessels. Men lead encumbered pack animals into the river near the Styllyyarde and Tower of London. Large swans ply the river in the bottom left corner. The river’s current and waves are represented by numerous lines and hummocks, highlighting its tidal nature. The map depicts the layout of the city streets separating blocks filled with small stylized homes. The mapmaker names the larger buildings like churches, guildhalls, and palaces, reproducing them as faithfully as possible. The map fans out upon leaving the city center, showing the surrounding roads, towns, and fields. The major roads and towns are named; the busiest roads and crossroads contain people. London’s position as a thriving and expansive city is emphasized by downplaying the city walls and highlighting the fertile outlands. Numerous people doing a multitude of activities (including dancing, milking cows, laundry, building, playing games, strolling, or hunting) populate the fields. The mapmaker chooses to present the Royal Arms in the top left corner and the City of London’s arms in the top right corner, hoisted by two cherubs. The Corporation of the City of London may have played a role in the creation of the original map, attested to by the elaborate frame coupled with the map’s focus on London and de-emphasis of Westminster. The map highlights the wealth, power, and size of the City of London. (Benton Franklin '19) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Unknown Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived London, National Archives, MPEE 1/25. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Single map Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Agas Map of London. London: Kodak Limited, 1976. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1633 Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. wood cut Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Special Collections, Carleton College, Northfield, MN franklinb Relation A related resource <div class="freebirdFormviewerViewItemsItemItem freebirdFormviewerViewItemsTextTextItem"> <div class="freebirdFormviewerViewItemsTextItemWrapper"> <div class="freebirdFormviewerViewItemsTextShortText freebirdFormviewerViewItemsTextDisabledText freebirdThemedInput"><a href="https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/agas.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/agas.htm</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="freebirdFormviewerViewItemsItemItem"> <div class="freebirdFormviewerViewItemsItemItemHeader"> <div class="freebirdFormviewerViewItemsItemItemTitleContainer"> </div> </div> </div> Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource City view Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context <a href="https://bridge.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01BRC_INST/1tn7c8c/alma991006884769702971" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Carleton Gould Library Special Collections (Flat Files) G1819.L7 C59 1976</a> Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. London References A related resource that is referenced, cited, or otherwise pointed to by the described resource. Botero, Giovanni. On the Causes of the Greatness and Magnificence of Cities. Translated by Geoffrey Symcox. Toronto: University of Toronto, 2012. Worms, Laurence. "The London Map Trade to 1640." In History of Cartography, vol. 3, part 1, Cartography in the European Renaissance, ed. David Woodward, 1693-1721. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Rights for maps held by individual publishers and institutions. Thumbnails displayed constitute fair use. 16th century 17th century animals birds bridges city walls farms fields London people ships https://hist231.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/d78b4c40ff2d0afd0c68e64f62e93a1a.jpg 6ed185fad62b665a42c1b16e6a328cb9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Atlante Nautico Description An account of the resource The Atlante Nautico is a collection of ten maps made in 1436 by “Andreas Biancho de Veneciis” as attested on the first page. Besides containing 15th century copyright data, the first page also contains a large chart meant to assist sailors blown off course by the wind (including instructions!) The next 7 are all maps in the tradition of the portolan charts, featuring the Eastern, Central, and Western Mediterranean basins, the Black Sea, the British isles and the northern coast of Europe, Scandinavia, and a complete map of Europe. The last two maps are a circular mappamundi and a world map in the Ptolemaic style. This combination of maps tells us that the Atlante Nautico was not meant as a navigational tool, but rather as a survey of existing map forms. Knowing that this atlas came from Venice, the combination of Ptolemaic map and portolan charts tells us that it was made by an author attempting to understand Ptolemy’s Geography through the lens of practical nautical charting. The visual style is largely utilitarian as portolan charts tend to be. Neither land nor sea is colored, and the only differentiatior is the coastlines drawn with city names written inside them. One sixteen-pointed circle of rhumb lines overlies each map, save the first, reference page, and the two world maps at the end. Smaller islands are often colored and inland rivers tend to be stylized and colorful as well. There are occasional flags or crowns or other figures in emptier spots on the map. (Allen Smith '19) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Andrea Bianco Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Venice, Biblioteca Marciana, Ms. It. Z, 76 (=4783): Andrea Bianco, Atlante. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Atlas Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Andrea Bianco, Atlante nautico (1436), ed. Pietro Falchetta. Venice: Arsenale, 1993. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1436 Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. manuscript Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Special Collections, Carleton College, Northfield, MN smitha4 Language A language of the resource Italian Type The nature or genre of the resource Atlas Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context <a href="https://bridge.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01BRC_INST/1tn7c8c/alma991016800581902971">Carleton Library, Special Collections (Books, Quarto) G6910 1436 .B53 1993</a> Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. World, Europe, Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, Scandinavia, British Isles References A related resource that is referenced, cited, or otherwise pointed to by the described resource. Dalché, Patrick Gautier. “The Reception of Ptolemy’s Geography (End of the Fourteenth to Beginning of the Sixteenth Century).” In The History of Cartography vol. 3, part 1, Cartography in the European Renaissance, ed. by David Woodward, 285-364. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007. Relation A related resource http://geoweb.venezia.sbn.it/cms/en/articles/9-carte-geografiche-nei-manoscritti-marciani.html Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Rights for maps held by individual publishers and institutions. Thumbnails displayed constitute fair use. church city icons Crown forests hills Ptolemy rulers ships Wind roses https://hist231.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/32740c7ae87b95f9c3396c1abef0e360.jpeg af667a5f6164bf77b46b4779a38cb9f3 https://hist231.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/35d8a57d9565daab9431d1f5316d2128.jpeg 74a196d403eca48d9023fa91e1eb50b4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Atlas maior of 1655 Description An account of the resource At the start of the 1600s, there was an economic and artistic boom in Amsterdam and the Hondius publishing house was the primary map publishing house. However, in 1630, William Blaeu and his son, Joan Blaeu, published a small atlas with maps, many using Hondius’s plates, which were acquired after a death in the Hondius family. This started a fierce rivalry and competition between the houses that would last for thirty years – leading both families to continually make larger and more comprehensive atlases. There was a bigger focus on aesthetics, quantity of maps, luxury of production, and the atlas as a status symbol, rather than maps that best reflect the world. The Atlas Maior, by Joan Blaeu, is known as the most impressive and expensive 17th century manuscript. It was first published in 1662, in Latin. It has 594 maps, 3,368 pages of text, and is split into 11 volumes. Almost all of the maps use data from decades old surveys and maps. Blaeu redrew the maps in his style, with beautiful colors, scripts, and illustrations. Some maps have contemporary data that Blaeu collected himself. While Blaeu succeeded his father as the official map maker for the Dutch East India company, he was not allowed to use the maps and data from his job in his atlas. The Atlas Maior has regional, country, and province maps, with detailed town names, plants, and buildings. Some maps have latitude and longitude, with detailed ships flying country flags on the oceans. There are regional maps of everywhere in the world, from South East Asia to the Arctic to South America – however most maps are of Europe. There are references to the Greek gods and classical mythologies, with the gods drawn around the first world map. Blaeu’s atlases were part of a transition period of borders on maps. As attitudes around mapping territory changed, from a collection of peoples to land to have sovereignty over, atlases began drawing clearly defined borders. Many of Blaeu’s maps have borders, but not all - as would soon become the standard. The Atlas Maior was made to order, printed in the Blaeu printing presses - the biggest in the world. It was featured in atlas collections for the next several hundred years. From 1664 to 1672, there were also versions published with Dutch, French, German, and Spanish texts. There are varying numbers of volumes for the different languages. Carleton’s facsimile has selections in Latin, English, French, and German. (Kezia Sharnoff) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Joan Blaeu Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Blaeu, Joan. Atlas Maior. Amsterdam, Netherlands. 1662-1672. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource atlas Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Blaeu, Joan. Atlas Maior of 1655. Edited by P. C. J. van der Krogt. Cologne: Taschen, 2005. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1662-1672 Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. engraving Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Special Collections, Carleton College, Northfield, MN Relation A related resource <a href="https://maps.nls.uk/atlas/blaeu-maior/info.html">National Library of Scotland: Blaeu Atlas Maior, 1662-5 - Further information</a> Language A language of the resource English, French, German Type The nature or genre of the resource atlas Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context <a href="https://bridge.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01BRC_INST/luveef/alma991015953409702971">Special Collections (Folio) G1015.B48 1665 .K7 2005.</a> References A related resource that is referenced, cited, or otherwise pointed to by the described resource. Akerman, James R. “The Structuring of Political Territory in Early Printed Atlases.” Imago Mundi 47 (1995): 141. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1151310">https://www.jstor.org/stable/1151310</a>. “Blaeu Atlas Maior, 1662-5 - Further information.” National Library of Scotland. Accessed October 18, 2024. <a href="https://maps.nls.uk/atlas/blaeu-maior/info.html">https://maps.nls.uk/atlas/blaeu-maior/info.html</a>. History of Cartography. Edited by Matthew H. Edney and Mary Sponberg Pedley. vol 4, Cartography in the European Enlightenment. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2020. 768, 834-836. <a href="https://press.uchicago.edu/books/HOC/HOC_V4/Volume4.html">https://press.uchicago.edu/books/HOC/HOC_V4/Volume4.html</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Image reproduced with the permission of the <a href="https://maps.nls.uk/copyright.html#noncommercial">National Library of Scotland. </a> Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. World 17th century Arabian Peninsula Arctic Asia buildings cities Europe mythology New World Pacific Ocean Red Sea rivers ships https://hist231.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/35b18617e502a24265025c0ce30225d1.jpg 745012afabb6387941ee3889646eb9f6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Atlas or cosmographical meditations upon the fabric of the world Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. Atlas sive Cosmographicæ meditationes de fabrica mvndi et fabricati figvra Atlas or cosmographical meditations upon the fabric of the world and the figure of the fabrick'd; Atlas of cosmographical considerations on the creation of the world and the shape of its creation Description An account of the resource Published posthumously, this atlas is the culmination of Gerald Mercator’s cosmographic work. Mercator planned for the atlas to have five parts: a description of the creation of the world, a description of the universe, a history of the natural world, a separate history on the world’s inhabitants, and only then a geography of the world. However, he was not able to write the history of the universe or the natural world before his death. Nonetheless, the first, fourth and fifth parts of the atlas were published by his son, Rumold Mercator. The first few maps in the atlas are preliminary maps of continents, while the rest are detailed maps of western Europe. The atlas privileges natural features: bodies of water, forests and mountains are all clearly marked and labeled. In addition, Mercator labels adjacent territories with different colors to highlight regional boundaries and includes small illustrations of prominent towns. Central to Mercator’s understanding of geography is an understanding of the divine. Mercator was born Catholic though was he was also sympathetic to Luther’s Protestantism. With this atlas, he aimed to better document and understand the visual element of the divine revelation. While there are 102 maps in the atlas that make up 90% of the book, they are drawn, illustrated, and described not necessarily to better understand the world, but to better understand the divine’s creation. However, Mercator is also famous for his 1569 projection that uses mathematics and geography to simplify land and sea navigation. The maps in this atlas, particularly the preliminary maps, use this projection. Mercator is a clear example of an individual using scientific thought and religion in tandem to drive world innovation. Jacob Flignor '22 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gerald Mercator, Rumold Mercator Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Dvisbvrgi Clivorvm [Duisburg, Germany]: Rumold Mercator, 1595. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Atlas Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Mercator, Gerhard, and Rumold Mercator. “Atlas sive Cosmographicæ meditationes de fabrica mvndi et fabricati figvra.” Stuttgart: Coron-Verlag, 1979. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1595 Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Printed Book Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Special Collections, Carleton College, Northfield, MN Relation A related resource http://www.bl.uk/turning-the-pages/?id=223c7af8-bad6-4282-a684-17bf45bd0311&type=book Language A language of the resource Facsimile in Latin; commentaries in German Type The nature or genre of the resource Atlas Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context <a href="https://bridge.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01BRC_INST/1tn7c8c/alma991015721999702971" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Carleton Library Special Collections (Folio) (G1007 .M4 1979)</a> Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. World Western Europe References A related resource that is referenced, cited, or otherwise pointed to by the described resource. Holzer, Gerhard, Valerie Newby, Petra Svatek, and Georg Zotti. A World of Innovation: Cartography in the Time of Gerhard Mercator Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2015. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Rights for maps held by individual publishers and institutions. Thumbnails displayed constitute fair use. Bible borders city icons cosmography forests islands latitude longitude mountains Navigational instruments projection rhumb lines rivers sea monsters ships https://hist231.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/bbed74ed6684770aa1cbcc8632a16d23.png 1af4ef92669d1e7acfcb03f36c04ec0b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Atlas Universal Description An account of the resource The Atlas Universal by Diogo Homem, completed in the mid 16th century, is a world atlas containing 19 entries covering a multitude of different geographical regions as well as an entire world map and multiple charts and calendars. It features detailed depictions of Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas, highlighting both known territories and speculative geography based on the discoveries of the era. The maps in the atlas are richly decorated, with embellishments wind heads, mountain ranges, ships, and sea monsters, embodying both the practical navigation tools as well as artistic expressions of Renaissance cartography. Scale bars placed on the atlas’s maps and charts enable the atlas’s viewer to measure distances and gauge the relative size of land masses. Each map also contains compass roses with rhumb lines radiating from them to aid in navigation and path finding. Homem’s work displays not only geographical knowledge but also an understanding of maritime navigation, which was critical for Portugal’s extensive overseas ventures at the time. Entries 1-14 in the Atlas Universal are maps of species geographic regions, while entries 15-19 consist of a world map, Zodiacal Circle, Calendar, Solar inclination chart, and Zonal Map of World. Of the regional maps, while most of them are centered around the Mediterranean, Africa, and the Indian Ocean, there are multiple maps of the coastlines of the America’s, as well as a depiction of Japan off the coast of China. The calendar contained in the atlas a combination of sun and moon charts, on a nineteen year cycle. Highlighted on the calendar, marked in gold, is the date of Easter in each of the nineteen years. All the entries in the atlas use color in both a form of artistic expression as well as a cartographical tool for designating key features such as the shading of the different territories' coastlines in order to distinguish them. The use of color is not however seen in other conventions of map making such as coloring water bodies blue. In all of the maps city names are depicted in small lettering along the coastlines while country names are written in larger text inside of the boundaries of their respective territories. Major cities are also illustrated with drawings of buildings or castles. Additionally, apart from major rivers, such as the Nile in Northern Africa, and the Amazon in South America, rivers are not well depicted throughout the Atlas. Throughout the maps there are also artistic drawings of people, ships, and animals local to the different regions. Overall, the Atlas focuses on providing a comprehensive depiction of the territories and navigational routes of the known world at the time of its creation, with regions represented separately as well as a depiction of the entirety of the known world. (Noah Morris; 2024) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Diogo Homem Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Atlas Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Homem, D., & Marques, A. P. (2002). Atlas Universal. M. Moleiro. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1557-1577 Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. manuscript Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Special Collections, Carleton College, Northfield, MN Language A language of the resource Portuguese Type The nature or genre of the resource Atlas Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context <a href="https://bridge.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01BRC_INST/1tn7c8c/alma991005549849702971">Special Collections (Horizontal Shelving) (G1059 .H6 2000)</a> <a href="https://bridge.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01BRC_INST/1tn7c8c/alma991005549849702971"></a> Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. World References A related resource that is referenced, cited, or otherwise pointed to by the described resource. Homem, D., & Marques, A. P. (2002). Atlas Universal. M. Moleiro. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Rights for maps held by individual publishers and institutions. Thumbnails displayed constitute fair use. Relation A related resource <a href="https://expositions.nlr.ru/eng/holland/">Map of the Pacific Coast of Central America</a> from an online exhibit at the National Library of Russia Africa animals atlas Caribbean coastline rhumb lines sea monsters ships South America world map https://hist231.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/c0d9d308eedf9cf7239a20da6a8656a9.jpg fdcc166504fd846a20a1efbb058c0ecd Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Book of Physiognomy Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. Liber physiognomiae Description An account of the resource Contrary to its title, the Liber Physiognomiae is not primarily a text of physiognomy but rather astrology, describing the prevailing belief that the position and movement of heavenly bodies could be used as an accurate predictor of future events. The manuscript is best known for its descriptions of the destiny of both men and women born under the influence of each zodiac sign. Accompanying these descriptions is a personification of each zodiac sign’s ruling planet, that is to say the planet considered to hold dominion over each horoscope, flanked by a man and woman. The depiction of each planet seems based upon their pagan namesake. For example, Saturn, named after the ruler of the ancient titans who preexist the gods, is shown as a wizened, stately figure. These depictions also bear iconographical similarities to a number of frescoes in Padua’s Palazzo della Ragione created during a period of renewed interest in both ancient Greek and Arabic astrology potentially spurred by the influence of Pietro d’Abano (1257-1315 CE), an Italian native and well known astrologer. Pietro d’Abano is also associated with many other aspects of the Liber Physiognomiae. He wrote at least one section on healthy eating, and he potentially compiled many of the texts that make up the manuscript over a century before this copy was made circa 1440. Pietro was an interesting contributor to the field of astrology during his time, ascribing far more importance to the medical value of astrology than many of his contemporaries. He was also frequently associated with the occult both during and after his life, a condemnation that led him to appear twice before the Inquisition in both Paris and Padua, as well as the posthumous burning of his body. The manuscript that we see was penned by three different scribes with its recipient likely a member of Ferrara’s Este family. This connection is based upon the text (which is written in Latin) as well as the relatively well-rendered state of the book itself, but remains far from absolute as there is no concrete evidence of the book’s ownership before the 18th century. Still, there is strong evidence that the Etse family did place real value on the results of astrological divination with Marquess Leonello d'Este (1407-1450 CE) famously changing his wardrobe’s color scheme in response to the current planetary ruler. The most eye-catching aspect of the volume are the two volvelles positioned on the front and back pages of the manuscript. These volvelles would be used to calculate various items of astrological significance with the front volvelle operating as an astrolabe for the calculation of latitude and the back volvelle being used to calculate the timing of sunrise and sunset. Though the earliest volvelles date around the mid to late 13th century, well before the illumination of the Liber Physiognomiae, the use of volvelles for astrological calculations is a relatively later innovation, the history of which places the Liber Physiognomiae as a fairly early adopter of the technology, preexisting the 16th century boom in astrological volvelles.(Theo Greiff) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Unknown Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Modena, Biblioteca Estense Universitaria, Liber physiognomiae, Lat. 697 = a.W.8.20 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Map in manuscript Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Liber physiognomiae, ed. by Paola Di Pietro Lombardi. Modena: Il Bulino, 2000. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource ca. 1440 CE Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Manuscript Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Special Collections, Carleton College, Northfield, MN Relation A related resource <a href="https://www.facsimilefinder.com/facsimiles/liber-physiognomiae-facsimile" target="_blank" title="Pictures of Facsimile" rel="noreferrer noopener">Liber physiognomiae at Facsimile Finder</a> Language A language of the resource Latin Type The nature or genre of the resource Cosmographical Diagram Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context <a href="https://bridge.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991016064409702971&context=L&vid=01BRC_INST:CCO&lang=en&search_scope=CCO_MyCampus_PCI&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&tab=Everything&query=any,contains,Liber%20Physiognomiae&offset=0">Special Collections (Books, Quarto) (BF1726 .L53 2000)</a> Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Cosmos References A related resource that is referenced, cited, or otherwise pointed to by the described resource. Crupi, G. “Volvelles of Knowledge: Origin and Development of an Instrument of Scientific Imagination (13th -17th centuries).” JLIS.it 10: 2 (May 2019): 1-27. DOI: 10.4403/jlis.it-12534. Rutkin, H. Darrel. "Astrology in Society, Politics and Culture" in Sapientia Astrologica: Astrology, Magic and Natural Knowledge, ca. 1250-1800 , pp. 423-464. Vol. 1. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10779-6_11. Smoller, Laura Ackerman. "Review of Médicine, Astrologie et Magie Entre Moyen Âge et Renaissance: Autour de Pietro d’Abano.” Aestimatio : Critical Reviews in the History of Science. 10 (2015):319–29. https://doi.org/10.33137/aestimatio.v10i0.26045. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Rights for maps held by individual publishers and institutions. Thumbnails displayed constitute fair use. 15th century Astrology Este Family Horoscope Italy Vovelles https://hist231.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/b2b81724c7c4fa7241ccf772ea656ff2.jpg 8d0d9a8b849a01c1b8eab98f44a97ade Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Book of the Islands of the Archipelago Description An account of the resource The Liber Insularum Archipelagi is an island book (insularium in Latin, isolario in Italian) written by a Florentine monk Cristoforo Buondelmonti around 1420. One of the first and most influential island books, it was widely circulated in the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries. It offers an encyclopedic and antiquarian atlas of 79 places in the Ionian and Aegean seas along with accompanying descriptive texts. While most of the featured places are islands, some are groups of islands and coastal places, including Constantinople, Gallipoli, the shores of the Dardanelles, Mount Athos, and Athens. Buondelmonti’s sources are likely ancient writings, existing cartographical traditions such as portolan charts and regional maps, and his firsthand experience and inquiry. The cartography of the Liber Insularum Archipelagi fits best into the pattern of early regional geography. One of the highlights of Liber is a map of the city of Constantinople and its surrounding region. Careful delineation emphasizes architectural structures, fortifications, monuments, civic buildings, ports, and lighthouses. Besides its static view of the city, the map also captures a dynamic moment as it depicts cannon balls shooting at ships passing through the Bosporus. This map of Constantinople offers an important reference to the mapping of the Byzantine capital before Turkish conquest in 1453. (Russell Li '19) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Cristoforo Buondelmonti Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Düsseldorf Ms. G 13 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Atlas Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Buondelmonti, Cristoforo. Cristoforo Buondelmonti, Liber Insularum Archipelagi: Universitäts- Und Landesbibliothek Düsseldorf Ms. G 13, Faksimile. Wiesbaden: Reichert, 2005. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1420 Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. manuscript Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Special Collections, Carleton College, Northfield, MN lir2 Relation A related resource <a href="http://digital.ub.uni-duesseldorf.de/urn/urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:1-36224" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">http://digital.ub.uni-duesseldorf.de/urn/urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:1-36224</a> Language A language of the resource Latin Type The nature or genre of the resource Regional map Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context <a href="https://bridge.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01BRC_INST/1tn7c8c/alma991015567099702971">Carleton Gould Library Special Collections (Folio) DF895 .B8615 2005</a> Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Aegean Islands References A related resource that is referenced, cited, or otherwise pointed to by the described resource. Buondelmonti, Cristoforo. Description of the Aegean and Other Islands. Trans. by Evelyn Edson. New York: Italica Press, 2017. Della Dora, Veronica. “Mapping a Holy Quasi-Island: Mount Athos in Early Renaissance Isolarii.” Imago Mundi 60, no. 2 (July 2008): 139–65. Manners, Ian R. "Constructing the Image of a City: The Representation of Constantinople in Christopher Buondelmonti's Liber Insularum Archipelagi." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 87, no. 1 (1997): 72-102. Tolias, George. “Isolarii, Fifteenth to Seventeenth Century.” In History of Cartography, vol. 3, part 1, Cartography in the European Renaissance, ed. David Woodward, 263-283. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Rights for maps held by individual publishers and institutions. Thumbnails displayed constitute fair use. Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. Liber Insularum Archipelagi churches city views fortifications islands monasteries ports ships https://hist231.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/672d77d3fdcbc292a3ada3f328b3c040.jpg aedf1c50ed5e37d80fe8bb5082dfb648 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Carta Marina Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. Map of the Sea Description An account of the resource Olaus Magnus’ Carta Marina, published in 1539, is an impressively detailed map of Scandinavia, made of nine woodblock-printed panels in full color. It has thin, exact lines in black ink that outline both the land and water of the region. The seas–the Norwegian Sea, North Sea, and Baltic Sea–are emphasized, composing nearly half of the map. There are several wind roses with lines that extend and overlap across the face of the map. In the lower left corner, there is a description, and in the lower right corner, a legend. In addition to the precise rendering of the geography of the area, there are careful depictions of numerous animals, landscape features, and peoples that cover the land. The sea is full of ships and sea creatures. Labels in Latin script identify more than 900 locations, peoples, and creatures of the area. Olaus Magnus was a Catholic archbishop in Sweden at the time of the Reformation. Both on diplomatic missions for the king and for the Pope, Olaus Magnus traveled widely and was very educated. As the Swedish church became Lutheran, he was exiled to Italy after refusing to join the new regime. His Carta Marina, published with the permission of the Pope, has a strong Counter-Reformation sentiment evident in its descriptions. It is also very patriotic to his home of Sweden, and asserts Sweden as a significant and modern nation, with a rich history in the origin of the Goths. The Carta Marina was the most comprehensive map of Scandinavia at the time, as preceding maps like those of Ptolemy were largely vague regarding the Northern regions. While drawing inspiration from Ptolemaic geography, evident in his use of longitude and latitude lines, Olaus Magnus sought to establish a more accurate and educational depiction of the area. However, he was not necessarily a cartographer by profession, and aspects of his spatial representation, in particular the “graduation” of the map, are unclear. Supporting the educational purpose of this map, in a text conceived as a robust legend to the Carta Marina – Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus, or “Description of the Northern Peoples” – Olaus Magnus explores the ethnography, history, and natural history of Scandinavia in 22 books. Olaus Magnus’ depiction of sea creatures and monsters is of note, as they are a very prominent feature of his articulation of the seas. These creatures both show fish as a major resource of the region, as well as reference classical and Northern monsters. This attention to sea monsters aids Olaus Magnus’ intention to depict the Northern region as full of wonders. (Lucy Watson 2026) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Olaus Magnus Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Sheet map Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Nigg, Joe. Sea Monsters : A Voyage around the World’s Most Beguiling Map. Chicago ; The University of Chicago Press, 2013. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1539 Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Wood cut Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Special Collections, Carleton College, Northfield, MN Relation A related resource <a href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/gdcwdl.wdl_03037/?r=0.264,0.208,0.419,0.276,0">Carta marina at the Library of Congress</a> Language A language of the resource Latin Type The nature or genre of the resource Regional map Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context <a href="https://bridge.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?context=L&vid=01BRC_INST:CCO&search_scope=CCO_MyCampus_PCI&tab=Everything&docid=alma991004476099702971">Special Collections (Flat Files) ; </a><a href="https://bridge.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?context=L&vid=01BRC_INST:CCO&search_scope=CCO_MyCampus_PCI&tab=Everything&docid=alma991004476099702971">GA951.O53 N54 2013</a> Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Scandinavia Finland, Norway, Sweden References A related resource that is referenced, cited, or otherwise pointed to by the described resource. Granlund, John. "The Carta Marina of Olaus Magnus." Imago Mundi 8, no. 1 (1951): 35-43. Miekkavaara, Leena. "Unknown Europe: The mapping of the Northern countries by Olaus Magnus in 1539." Belgeo. Revue belge de géographie 3-4 (2008): 307-324. Sandmo, Erling. “Dwellers of the Waves: Sea Monsters, Classical History, and Religion in Olaus Magnus’s Carta Marina.” Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift 74, no. 4 (2020): 237–49. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Rights for maps held by individual publishers and institutions. Thumbnails displayed constitute fair use. Baltic Sea North Sea Scandinavia sea monsters