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                <text>T-O Map of Europe </text>
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                <text>This map can be understood as a detail of a T-O map of the world.  Europe is the fourth part of the world when Asia occupies half the circle and the other half is divided between Africa and Europe.  Lambert is unusual in singling out Europe on a stand-along map which contains a significant number of cities, rivers, and mountains.   (Victoria Morse)</text>
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                <text>Lambert of Saint-Omer</text>
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                <text>Lambert of Saint-Omer, &lt;em&gt;Liber Floridus&lt;/em&gt;.  Ghent University Library, ms. 90, f. 241r.</text>
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                <text>&lt;em&gt;Lamberti S. Audomari Canonici Liber Floridus : Codex authographus bibliothecae universitatis Gandavensis.&lt;/em&gt; Ed Alberto Derolez. Ghent: Story-Scientia</text>
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                <text>12th Century </text>
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                <text>Special Collections, Carleton College, Northfield, MN.  </text>
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            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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                <text>Rights for maps held by individual publishers and institutions. Thumbnails displayed constitute fair use.</text>
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            <name>Relation</name>
            <description>A related resource</description>
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                <text>http://adore.ugent.be/OpenURL/app?id=archive.ugent.be:018970A2-B1E8-11DF-A2E0-A70579F64438&amp;type=carousel&amp;scrollto=4</text>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>Latin </text>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>Regional Map </text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://bridge.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01BRC_INST/1tn7c8c/alma991012720769702971" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;Carleton Library, Special Collections (Folio) AE2 .L36 1968&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Europe </text>
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        <name>12th century</name>
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        <name>cities</name>
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        <name>Europe</name>
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        <name>Italy</name>
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        <name>Mediterranean</name>
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        <name>mountains</name>
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        <name>peninsula</name>
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        <name>rivers</name>
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        <name>Spain</name>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Small T-O Map</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;When you look at the circle in God’s left hand, what do you see? To medieval cartographers, this three-part circle represented the earth. If you imagine the west facing up, the three sections represent continents: Asia on the bottom, Europe on the top right, and Africa on the top left. Categorized by historians as a T-O map, this minimalist portrayal of the earth is quite common in medieval manuscripts. The maps would vary between complete simplicity – like the one you see – and striking complexity where the T-O design only provides skeletal structure. But in this case, the T-O map is a simple symbol in a larger image. An adjacent Latin inscription informs us that this is an image of God on the first day, creating the heavens and the earth. The T-O map in his left hand symbolizes the newly created earth. (Taylor Gee '16, Sarah Trachtenberg '17)&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Unknown</text>
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          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>Morgan Picture Bible [also known as Morgan Crusader Bible], New York, Morgan Library, Ms M. 638, f. 1R.</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="23">
                <text>&lt;em&gt;The Morgan Crusader Bible&lt;/em&gt;, ed. Daniel H. Weiss. Lucerne: Faksimile Verlag, Luzern, 1998.</text>
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                <text>13th century</text>
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                <text>Special Collections, Carleton College, Northfield, MN.</text>
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            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="26">
                <text>Rights for maps held by individual publishers and institutions. Thumbnails displayed constitute fair use. </text>
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          <element elementId="46">
            <name>Relation</name>
            <description>A related resource</description>
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                <text>www.themorgan.org/collections/surf/exhibOnline.asp?id=200</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>None</text>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>T-O Map</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://bridge.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01BRC_INST/1tn7c8c/alma991003849589702971" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;Carleton Library, Special Collections (Folio) ND3355.5.K74 K74 1998&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>Europe, Africa, Asia</text>
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        <name>13th century</name>
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      <tag tagId="12">
        <name>Bible</name>
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      <tag tagId="13">
        <name>creation</name>
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      <tag tagId="14">
        <name>earth</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="15">
        <name>Genesis</name>
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      <tag tagId="16">
        <name>gold</name>
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      <tag tagId="17">
        <name>illuminations</name>
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        <name>manuscript</name>
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        <name>symbol</name>
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        <name>T-O map</name>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Catalan Atlas</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>This striking specimen, commissioned for Charles V of France (r. 1364-1380) and probably made by Majorcan Cresques Abraham, is a unique hybrid of exacting cartography and artistic prowess. The Atlas was the first map to include a compass (rather than wind) rose, and responded ably to Charles V’s request for the most accurate map in the world. The facsimile reproduces six vellum leaves, the first two rich with text and illustrations showing a cosmological encyclopedia and the latter four with a map stretching from the Atlantic to the far reaches of China. The Atlas renders the Mediterranean basin and most of Europe in detail reminiscent of other contemporary portolan charts, and draws on accounts of the recent travels of Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta to populate North Africa and the Far East with the cities of Mali and the Khanate. Resplendent with gold, silver, and pigments, the Catalan Atlas invites the viewer to lose themselves in its rivers and rhumb lines.  (Nicholas Carlsen '17 and Adron Mason '16)</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Cresques Abraham (?)</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="36">
                <text>Catalan Atlas, Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Département des manuscrits, Espagnol 30.</text>
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          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="37">
                <text>Cresques Abraham. &lt;em&gt;Mapamundi, the Catalan atlas of the year 1375&lt;/em&gt;, ed. Georges Grosjean. Zurich: Urs Graf Verlag GmbH, 1977.</text>
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                <text>14th Century</text>
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            <name>Contributor</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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                <text>Special Collections, Carleton College, Northfield, MN.</text>
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            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="40">
                <text>Rights for maps held by individual publishers and institutions. Thumbnails displayed constitute fair use.  </text>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="46">
            <name>Relation</name>
            <description>A related resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="41">
                <text>http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b55002481n.r=catalan+atlas.langEN</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>Catalan</text>
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            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>Portolan Chart Atlas</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://bridge.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01BRC_INST/1tn7c8c/alma991015181209702971" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;Carleton Library, Special Collections (Horizontal Shelving) G1001 .C73 1977&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>Europe, Africa, Asia</text>
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        <name>Africa</name>
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        <name>Asia</name>
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      <tag tagId="25">
        <name>Atlantic</name>
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      <tag tagId="26">
        <name>Azores</name>
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      <tag tagId="27">
        <name>Canaries</name>
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        <name>Catalan</name>
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      <tag tagId="29">
        <name>coastline</name>
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        <name>color</name>
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      <tag tagId="3">
        <name>Europe</name>
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      <tag tagId="16">
        <name>gold</name>
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      <tag tagId="32">
        <name>Majorca</name>
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        <name>Mediterranean</name>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Monastery Water System Map </text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Similar to a modern architectural blueprint, this plan depicts both the building layout and the water pipe system of the Canterbury Cathedral and its monastery.  However, unlike a blueprint, its use was most likely limited to memorialization by the monks of an important building project, rather than for use by architects or repairmen. The plan also differs from a blueprint because it is drawn from the ground perspective, which means that it shows the façades of the buildings rather structural details. The only thing visible to the viewer that would not be visible to the naked eye is the (red in the original, but gray here) labyrinth of water pipes, which snake between buildings and betray a more intimate knowledge of the workings of the building complex. Juxtaposed with the monks’ religious work (this map is an addition to a manuscript copy of the Book of Psalms), this plan reminds you of the practical aspects of their life in the monastery.  (Connor Kasch '17 and Rowan Matney '16)</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="49">
                <text>Unknown</text>
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          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>Canterbury Psalter (also known as Eadwine Psalter). Cambridge, Trinity College, R.17.1, f.284b-285.</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="51">
                <text>&lt;em&gt;The Canterbury Psalter&lt;/em&gt;, ed. M.R. James. London: P. Lund, Humpries &amp;amp; Co, 1935.</text>
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                <text>Special Collections, Carleton College, Northfield, MN.</text>
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          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="54">
                <text>Rights for map held by individual publishers and institutions. Thumbnails displayed constitute fair use. </text>
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            <description>A related resource</description>
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                <text>http://libraries.slu.edu/a/digital_collections/mssexhibit07/manuscripts/eadwine.html</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>Latin</text>
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            <name>Type</name>
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                <text>Plan</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>The top of the map depicts a biblical judgment scene and then moves down into Asia, the holy land, then finally Europe and Africa. You may also notice the absence of the Americas on this map. In addition, you will be able to find classic biblical stories like Moses and the Israelites crossing the the boldly represented Red Sea . If you look even closer at the labels on Europe and Africa, you will notice a mistake that proved irreparable because of the gold used to inscribe the labels. Meanwhile, eastern elements of this map captivate your attention as their Latin legends with illustrations tell you about groups like the Essedones in Scythia who eat their parents after death. The mapmaker then fills Europe with contemporary cities and rivers.  Ultimately you can view this map as a collage of observational geography governed by religious theory and historical knowledge. (Celeste Koppe '16 and Isaac Shapiro '16)&#13;
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                <text>Mappa Mundi, Hereford Cathedral.</text>
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                <text>&lt;em&gt;The Hereford World Map : Mappa Mundi.&lt;/em&gt; London: Folio Society, 2010.</text>
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                <text>Rights for maps held by individual publishers and institutions. Thumbnails displayed constitute fair use.</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://bridge.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01BRC_INST/1tn7c8c/alma991015175019702971" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;Carleton Library, Special Collections (Books, Quarto) G1034 .H47 2010&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="74">
                <text>Europe, Africa, Asia and Heaven</text>
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                <text>Peutinger Table</text>
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                <text>At twenty feet long and only one foot tall, the Peutinger Table provides an intriguing view of the Roman world.  Stretching over eleven segments (the eighth of which appears in the thumbnail, showing Constantinople and the mouth of the Nile), from Great Britain and the Iberian Peninsula on the left to India on the right, the Mediterranean world features prominently with Rome close to the center of the map.  The Mediterranean Sea itself has been flattened to allow the mapmaker to fit the land of Europe and North Africa into such a narrow space.  Its strange proportions, coupled with its meticulous labeling of land masses, roads, rivers and towns, leads to a map that is both fascinating and difficult to categorize.  Although all that exists now are medieval copies, the original Roman map (possibly dating to the fifth century) likely was mounted on a wall, showcasing the extent of the Empire. (Jordan Cahn '16 and Carrie Hanson '16)</text>
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                <text>Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Codex Vindobonensis 324.</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
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                <text>&lt;em&gt;Tabula Peutingeriana: Codex Vindobonensis 324&lt;/em&gt;. Graz: Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, 1976.</text>
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                <text>Special Collections, Carleton College, Northfield, MN.</text>
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            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="81">
                <text>Rights for maps help by individual publishers and institutions. Thumbnails displayed constitute fair use.</text>
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                <text>http://www.cambridge.org/us/talbert/index.html&#13;
http://www.euratlas.net/cartogra/peutinger/&#13;
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://bridge.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01BRC_INST/1tn7c8c/alma991002378009702971" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;Carleton Library, Special Collections (Horizontal Shelving) G1026.P4 W4 1976&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Europe, North Africa, Asia</text>
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                <text>Mappamundi from the Codex Urgellensis </text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;Perhaps the most striking characteristic of the highly schematized mappamundi in the Codex Urgellensis is its representation of mountains, rivers, and seas as the most important boundaries and geographical landmarks. The Mediterranean Sea dominates the center of the map and separates Europe on the left and Africa on the right. The Garden of Eden, signified by a rectangle containing the naked Adam and Eve accompanied by a serpent, is prominently featured and located conspicuously close to the holy city of Jerusalem. Jerusalem is the only colored landmark on an otherwise monochrome map, representing its Biblical significance. On the right side of the map is a fourth continent, sandwiched between two oceans. This unique representation of the known world covers two parchment pages, and provides the geographical context for the text in the manuscript, Beatus of Liébiana’s &lt;em&gt;Commentary on the Apocalypse of Saint John&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Pat Chirathivat '16 and Nora Katz '16&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="91">
                <text>Codex Urgellensis, La Seu d'Urgell, Spain, Museu Diocesá de La Seu d'Urgell, Num. Inv. 501.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="92">
                <text>&lt;em&gt;Beatus de Liébiana Codex Urgellensis&lt;/em&gt;, ed. Peter Klein. Madrid: Testimonio Compañia Editorial, 1997.</text>
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                <text>Special Collections, Carleton College, Northfield, MN.</text>
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          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="95">
                <text>Rights for maps held by individual publishers and institutions. Thumbnails displayed constitute fair use.</text>
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                <text>Mappamundi</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://bridge.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01BRC_INST/1tn7c8c/alma991015016969702971" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;Carleton Library, Special Collections (Horizontal Shelving) BS2825.A2 B.37 1997&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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          <element elementId="38">
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            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>Mappamundi from the Codex Urgellensis by Beatus de Liébiana</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
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                <text>Map of Judah ben Zara</text>
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                <text>This map, a portolan chart from the late 15th Century, presents the Mediterranean and the landmasses around it. The map, colorful and probably expensive judging from the use of a whole animal skin for the parchment, can be thought of as consisting of three parts layered over or interacting with each other. &#13;
The coastlines are elaborately and meticulously drawn, their form matching the expectations of a modern viewer, with the names of coastal towns situated in a sequential order along the part of the land nearest to the coast. The interior of the land is filled with large drawings of castles representing cities, color-coded flags, various animals perhaps thought to be typical of the area, and well-known rivers and mountain systems. The mapmaker made a choice to depict these inland places as larger than their relative size to the land would be; as a result, the inland content  grabs a reader’s attention much more quickly than the textual itinerary along the coasts. In addition to this contrast, a network of thin red and black lines, known to scholars as “rhumb lines,” spans the entire map in a systematic and precise fashion. These lines run through coasts and inner land features alike, either in a grid system also visible on the underside of the map, or in radial spokes beginning at various points on the grid. These things seem to indicate that the rhumb lines did have a use in the planning out of space on the map, but it is unclear what larger purpose they would serve to a reader of the map.&#13;
&#13;
The prominence of these visuals combined with the systematic rhumb lines and the impressive display of coastal knowledge seem to indicate that the map and others like it were for a wealthy class who would not be using the the map for actual guidance, but to demonstrate geographical knowledge and power.&#13;
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                <text>Judah ben Zara</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="104">
                <text>Judah Abenzara. &lt;em&gt;Seekarte des Iehuda ben Zara : (Borgiano VII)&lt;/em&gt;, ed. Arthur Dürst. Zürich: Belser Verlag, 1983.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="106">
                <text>Special Collections, Carleton College, Northfield, MN.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="109">
                <text>&lt;a href="https://bridge.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01BRC_INST/1tn7c8c/alma991015453329702971" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;Carleton Library, Special Collections Map (Map, Rolled) G5672.M4 A23 1497&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>In the thirteenth century, a monk by the name of Matthew Paris entered the Abbey of St. Albans. During his time as a monk, he created many works of history with extensive illustrations, including several beautifully detailed maps of Great Britain. This map, showing all of Great Britain, highlights rivers and regions primarily. It is highly schematized, representing how people at the time perceived the terrain, as opposed to the geographic reality. Additionally, this map highlights the many towns and cities scattered throughout the British mainland, as well as cultural or political divisions. Hadrian’s Wall is displayed prominently, dividing Scotland from the rest of England.</text>
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                <text>British Library, Cotton MS Claudius D VI, Folio 12v.</text>
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                <text>Special Collections, Carleton College, Northfield, MN.</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://bridge.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01BRC_INST/1tn7c8c/alma991008258729702971" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;Carleton Library, Special Collections (Folio) GA793.3 .P3 1928&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>A beautiful example of a portolan chart atlas from the 14th century by Pietro Vesconte highlights the importance of coastal cities in the exploration of the Mediterranean basins. The intricate rhumb lines create a geometric pattern that makes it easy to pinpoint location. The coastlines of northern Africa and Spain are lovingly detailed with great precision. There is also a comprehensive list of the coastal cities one might encounter sailing around the Spanish basin of the Mediterranean, which were likely referenced by merchants traveling from port to port on trade routes. The folio pictured above depicts the Spanish coast. Other sections of the atlas include the eastern Mediterranean and Africa. </text>
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                <text>Pietro Visconte Da Genova, &lt;em&gt;Carte Nautiche.&lt;/em&gt; Todi: ET&amp;amp;B, 1975.</text>
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