4 10 80 https://hist231.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/431d8235a02c7200f6cd100b6471d755.jpg d514ed6003e83f84e031ad6ef2a53ea3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Prussia, now a province of Germany Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Schedel, Hartmann Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Hartman Schedel's Nuremberg Chronicle,1493; plate CLXXX Nuremberg : Anton Koberger Citation for second image.... Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource sheet map removed from book Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1493 Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Wood Cut Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Special Collections, Carleton College, Northfield, MN Relation A related resource <a href="https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb00034024?page=652" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Colored verson of the map</a> Image 2: lksjdflksjdflkjsdf "Frau Mauro". CC BY-NC 4.o. Wikipedia. Language A language of the resource Latin Type The nature or genre of the resource Regional Map Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context <a href="https://bridge.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01BRC_INST/1tn7c8c/alma991017829219502971" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Carleton Library Special Collections (Flat Files) (G5700 1400-1800 Map 02)</a> Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. 1493 Prussia—modern day northern side of Germany, Poland and Lithuania. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Rights for maps held by individual publishers and institutions. Thumbnails displayed constitute fair use. Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. Prussia, nunc Germanie provincia References A related resource that is referenced, cited, or otherwise pointed to by the described resource. Harley, J. B., David Woodward, Mark S. Monmonier, and Mary Sponberg Pedley. The History of Cartography. Edited by J. B. (John Brian) Harley, David Woodward, Mark S. Monmonier, and Mary Sponberg Pedley. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. Nuvoloni, Laura. n.d. University of Cambirdge Digital Library. Accessed March 1, 2023. https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/PR-INC-00000-A-00007-00002-00888/1. Description An account of the resource This map is an image of the region of Prussia with a city featured prominently in it. It is contained in a page cut from the Nuremberg Chronicle. The sheet of paper is a rectangle, forty-three centimeters tall by 29.5 centimeters long. The map itself is a square with twenty-three-centimeter-long edges. As mentioned before, the map is a city view, but it is not specified which city it depicts, in fact the buildings in the map are separated by different forms of terrain which makes it seem like the map contains four built up areas. Furthermore, the artist behind the map, simply titled the map “Prussia, now a province of Germany”. Thus, it is reasonable to conclude that the map represents the region of Prussia. Like many city views, the main urban area is shown as a bird’s eye view. From above the ground, we see that the city is located on a mountain, with the higher points of the mountain located on the back of the landscape. This creates the effect of going down the mountain as the eyes of the observer travel down the page. On the back of the landscape, the map has the first and smallest city, it is walled, and its only distinctive feature is a church that is also the tallest building of this city. To the right, on a slightly taller rock formation, there is another city built by a river that flows downhill all the way down to the bottom edge of the map. This city is also small in size, and it has no notable features. Downhill and to the left of the city, below the biggest rock formation of the map, there is the biggest city of the map. This city consists of a collection of towers and houses, and like the rest of the cities in the map, it seems to be walled, creating a distinction between nature and city. This city is also built by the previously mentioned river. At the bottom of the page, there is a fourth, medium-sized city, also built by the river, and also walled. To the right of this city, there is a group of trees that indicate a forest. As mentioned before, this map comes from the Nuremberg Chronicle, which was written by Hartmann Schedel. The Nuremberg Chronicle was a fifteenth century book, commissioned by Nuremberg merchants Sebald Schreyer and Sebastian Kammermeister. The book described the universal history of the Christian world. It was written by humanist and physician Hartmann Schedel (1440-1514) and published by Anton Koberger in 1493. It was first ordered to be published in Latin with an order for German text following about a year later. It was somewhat of a “best-seller” at the time, with over 2,500 copies printed. The chronicle is notable because of its inclusion of printed images alongside or embedded within the text, something virtually unheard of before. All images are created from woodcuts, images carved into a block of wood in negative and then covered with ink and then stamped onto the page. Woodcuts were made in the workshops of Michael Wolgemut, Wilhelm Pleydewurff, and Hieronymus Münzer. Some editions of the Nuremberg Chronicle had their plates hand colored by local German artists. (Louisa Grader '24), (Alejandro González A '24) Book Germany Prussia woodcut https://hist231.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/d8db3889554d8bf5322423756659ec6a.jpg 76f876e5c0b9ec7140c1e74cb90c759c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Prussia Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gerard Mercator Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Sheet map removed from an atlas or book Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1611 Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Engraving Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Special Collections, Carleton College, Northfield, MN Language A language of the resource Latin Type The nature or genre of the resource Regional map Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context <a href="https://bridge.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01BRC_INST/1tn7c8c/alma991017829219402971" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Carleton Library Special Collections (Flat Files) (G5700 1400-1800 Map 03)</a> Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Prussia Northeastern Poland Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia Southwestern Lithuania Baltic Sea Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Rights for maps held by individual publishers and institutions. Thumbnails displayed constitute fair use. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Dvisbvrgi Clivorvm: Gerardi Mercatoris - Atlas sive Cosmographicae Meditationes de Fabrica Mundi et Fabricati Figura. Jodocus Hondius, Amsterdam: 1619. Description An account of the resource This 17th century map from Gerard Mercator’s Atlas sive cosmographicae meditationes depicts the region of Prussia along the Baltic Sea (modern day northeastern Poland and parts of Lithuania and the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad). The map is oriented with north at the top. An uncolored Baltic Sea labeled ‘Mare Balticum’ in italic lettering frames the region in the north, giving the land against the coast a sense of shape. There is a neatly decorated and colored cartouche over the Baltic Sea which depicts a green fruit running along its perimeter. In the middle of the cartouche is the label for the map: ‘PRVSSIA’ (Prussia). Underneath the cartouche is a scale bar with 5 segments of equal length, each of which represents the size of a German mile. On the orange framing of the map, there are lines of latitude ranging from 53 degrees to 55 degrees on the left and right as well as lines of longitude ranging from 40 degrees to 46 degrees on the bottom and top. The territory on the map is divided politically by the use of color. The colors are most prevalent along the borders between regions, forming thick lines in order to distinguish between said regions. The interior of each region is a much lighter shade of the color that appears on its borders. The most prominent color that appears is yellow, with it serving to delineate the political territory of the Duchy of Prussia as it existed in the late 16th to early 17th century. Along with color, larger regions of the map are separated through italic labels, which are consistent in size and type across the map. In the top right of the map, for instance, the region in green is labeled ‘Samogitiæ Pars.’ On the eastern edge of the map, with pink borders in the larger region labeled ‘Lituaniae Pars.’ This corresponds with the location of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, a kingdom which Prussia was a vassal of at the time. Zooming in on some of the smaller pictorial details of the map, some cities are depicted as small hollow circles each with a label naming the cities. Other cities are depicted with small illustrations of towers and castles. It is unclear from any description whether the cities illustrated with towers and castles are more important than the cities with hollow circles. There is also natural geography on the map that fills much of the actual space: mountains are brown and mostly triangular shaped, rivers are blue and squiggly lines varying in degrees of thickness, forests are in green with small illustrations of trees, and lakes are circular shaped and a richer shade of blue than the ocean. This map of Prussia was created by Gerard Mercator (1512-1594) and published posthumously by Jodocus Hondius in the 1611 version of Mercator’s Atlas sive cosmographicae meditationes. Mercator was a 16th century cosmographer who introduced the Mercator projection, a way of mapping the world that we still use today. Mercator also worked extensively on collecting and compiling maps for books, such as his Atlas sive cosmographicae meditationes de fabrica mundi et fabricati figura, which was first published in 1595. Notably, this would be the first book of maps to have the word ‘atlas’ in its title, and would serve as the inspiration and model for many future atlases going forward. Gerard Mercator died in 1594 and his son Rumold Mercator took over the publishing of his father’s works until his own death in 1599. At this point, there were no members of Mercator’s family left who wanted to continue his work, and they sold his collection to other cartographers. The collection eventually found its way into the hands of Jodocus Hondius, a Dutch and Flemish engraver and cartographer, who updated the atlas in 1611 and added new maps previously in Mercator’s collection, such as this one of Prussia. Many of the atlases that were published during this period at the end of the 16th to 17th centuries were unique from previous medieval maps in the fact that they emphasized political boundaries and a division of territory. Previously, maps had mainly focused on natural geography, with mountains and rivers taking up much of the space instead of arbitrary borders. This map of Prussia is interesting, then, with how it includes both natural geography and political borders. Given that this was still relatively early in the tradition of depicting political borders in color (some of the first maps we see with colored political borders are in the 1570 Ortelius atlas), the map can be interpreted as being representative of a transitional period in mapping between a medieval world where borders were less important and the early modern era where they were far more important in the European psyche. In addition, it is important to note in any study and usage of this map that it is making a political statement in where it draws the borders and how it labels the regions. Looking at other maps of Prussia and the area around Brandenburg in our “Mapping the World Before Mercator (2023)” collection will reveal that there are differences in how the borders are being represented. Further analysis of why the borders are drawn where they are is only possible if we ask questions like who the mapmaker is and what perspective they are coming from. (Nicholas Spezia-Shwiff '24) (Hali'a Buchal '25) References A related resource that is referenced, cited, or otherwise pointed to by the described resource. Akerman, James R. “The Structuring of Political Territory in Early Printed Atlases.” Imago Mundi 47, no. 1 (1995): 138–54. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/03085699508592817" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://doi.org/10.1080/03085699508592817</a>. Egmond, Marco van. “The 'Atlas' by Mercator and Hondius.” Utrecht University, April 25, 2022. <a href="https://www.uu.nl/en/special-collections/collections/maps-and-atlases/world-maps-and-atlases/the-atlas-by-mercator-and-hondius" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.uu.nl/en/special-collections/collections/maps-and-atlases/world-maps-and-atlases/the-atlas-by-mercator-and-hondius</a>. Harley, J. B., David Woodward, Mark S. Monmonier, and Mary Sponberg Pedley. The History of Cartography. Edited by J. B. (John Brian) Harley, David Woodward, Mark S. Monmonier, and Mary Sponberg Pedley. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. Kagan, Richard L., and Benjamin Schmidt. “Maps and the Early Modern State: Official Cartography.” History of Cartography, vol. 3. <a href="https://press.uchicago.edu/books/HOC/HOC_V3_Pt1/Volume3_Part1.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://press.uchicago.edu/books/HOC/HOC_V3_Pt1/Volume3_Part1.html</a>. Lukosevicius, Viktoras. “Lithuania Minor and Prussia on the Old Maps (1525-1808).” Geodesy and Cartography (Vilnius) 39, no. 1 (2013): 23–39. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3846/20296991.2013.786872" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://doi.org/10.3846/20296991.2013.786872</a>. Taylor, Andrew. The World of Gerard Mercator: The Mapmaker Who Revolutionized Geography. New York, NY: Walker & Co., 2004. <div></div> 17th century color Copper engraving cosmography Europe forests lakes latitude longitude mountains rivers Scale Bar trees https://hist231.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/ed15f368100841e6297ae1673a538a18.jpg 842f28340b3fd9a4d7d27db35c506215 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Marquisate of Brandenburg, with the Duchies of Pomerania and Mecklenburg Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. Brandeburgum Marchionatus, cum Ducatibus Pomeraniae et Mekelenburgi Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Willem Janszoon Blaeu Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource sheet map removed from an atlas Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. engraving Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Special Collections, Carleton College, Northfield, MN Language A language of the resource Latin, German Type The nature or genre of the resource regional map Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context <a href="https://bridge.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01BRC_INST/1tn7c8c/alma991017888894102971" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Carleton Library Special Collections (Flat Files) (G5700 1400-1800 Map 12)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Rights for maps held by individual publishers and institutions. Thumbnails displayed constitute fair use. References A related resource that is referenced, cited, or otherwise pointed to by the described resource. Biggs, Michael. “Putting the State on the Map: Cartography, Territory, and European State Formation.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 41, no. 2 (1999): 374–405. Damen, Mario, and Kim Overlaet. “Constructing and Representing Territory in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe: A Conclusion.” In Constructing and Representing Territory in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe, edited by Mario Damen and Kim Overlaet, Amsterdam University Press, (2022): 349-58. Keuning, Johannes. “Blaeu’s ‘Atlas.’” Imago Mundi 14 (1959): 74–89. Harley, J. B., David Woodward, Mark S. Monmonier, and Mary Sponberg Pedley. The History of Cartography. Edited by J. B. (John Brian) Harley, David Woodward, Mark S. Monmonier, and Mary Sponberg Pedley. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, (1987). Description An account of the resource This map is a representation of Brandenburg, Mecklenburg, and Pomerania (modern day northeastern Germany and northwestern Poland) from an atlas by Willem Janszoon Blaeu. It first appeared in the 1634 edition. Key features include outlines of political territory, compass roses and ships in the Baltic Sea, elaborate scale and cartouche, and detailed landscape iconography. Contemporary political boundaries between the three regions are outlined in blue, pink, yellow or green to delineate each from the other. The regions represented do not show hard political lines, but rather a relative description of the locations of Brandenburg, Mecklenburg, and Pomerania. Each region is labeled in labels and by heraldry which gives a conceptual representation of each entity's claim beyond the unstable geographic borders. The top of the map depicts a small portion of the Baltic Sea. It has no label, but it does have icons that signal to the viewer that the space is sea. There are two compass roses, each with rhumb lines coming out from each compass direction, which is reminiscent of medieval portolan charts used by sailors in the Mediterranean. There are also three ships in the sea, which indicates that the Baltic is a sea that people regularly sail on, to the mapmaker’s knowledge. As opposed to modern maps that usually denote water with empty space, it is common for maps at this time period to visually indicate the presence of seas. The two bottom corners of the map contain intricate images to orient the viewer to the map. In the bottom left corner, the cartouche identifies the map as focusing on Brandenburg with text and the crest. Next to the text is a woman holding a key, which is likely symbolic. In the right bottom corner of the map there is a scale in common German miles surrounded by cherubs. Along the right border of the map is another scale that marks latitude, each degree subdivided into 60 minutes. There are lots of small icons on the map to label different features. Cities are represented by little castle or town icons that the colorist has painted red. There are many trees on this map, and they appear to be clustered into forests. There are a few mountains, and on the far left of the map there is a swamp, colored light green and labeled Paludes, Latin for swamp. The rivers on this map provide a central network and means of understanding the space. Many of the major rivers are labeled and many of the cities are located along these rivers. Much as a modern map may use roads or highways to provide a central frame of understanding, the rivers provide a centralized network which spans regions and connects cities. The map is part of a larger atlas made by Willem Janszoon Blaeu. Blaeu and his son were major players in the booming cartography industry in what is now the Netherlands in the 1600s. Blaeu's Atlas Novus was part of a larger "atlas race" among mapmakers in Amsterdam at the time as they tried to outdo each other in their cartographic ability. The map shown above is a copper print from Blaeu's Atlas Novus which first appeared in the 1634 edition of the atlas and continued to appear in Blaeu's atlases and those of his son into the late 1650s. Blaeu is known to have bought copper plates from the Mercator-Hondius atlas in the 1630s, and it is possible that this is one of them. A similar map, which appears in the David Rumsey collection, is credited to Mercator. (Ruby Becker '25) (Erin Watson ‘24) Relation A related resource <a href="https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~345007~90107445:Brandeburgum-Marchionatus%2C-cum-Duca?sort=pub_list_no_initialsort%2Cpub_date%2Cpub_list_no%2Cseries_no&qvq=q:brandenburg;sort:pub_list_no_initialsort%2Cpub_date%2Cpub_list_no%2Cseries_no;lc:RUMSEY~8~1&mi=15&trs=97" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mercator Map At David Rumsey Collection</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1635 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Willem Janszoon Blaeu, Brandeburgum Marchionatus, cum Ducatibus Pomeraniae et Mekelenburgi, in Atlas Novus, (Amsterdam: 1635). Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Brandenburger Marck; Mekelburg; Pomeren Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania; Brandenburg; West Pomerania; Szczecin; Berlin 17th century atlas Baltic Brandenburg cartouche Cherubs compass rose Forest forests Germany heraldry latitude Mecklenburg Mercator Poland Pomerania Prussia rhumb lines rivers Scale Bar ships swamp Thirty Years War https://hist231.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/995588369e452578689908327de9871d.jpg 36932850b830b79dab4f4bd4563d8bee Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Magdeburg Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. Magdeburgum Description An account of the resource This 1577 printed map provides a bird’s eye view of Magdeburg, a central city in Germany situated along the Elbe. When Braun and Hogenberg decided to include Magdeburg in their city atlas, it was one of the “largest and most prosperous German cities.” First published in the 16th century, the Civitates orbis terrarum was the first six-volume atlas to include maps of town views and plans around the world; the Magdeburg map was included in the first volume, published in Latin. Magdeburg is printed on a two-page opening and is preceded by a one-page written description of the town in Latin and minimal Greek. The map is oriented East-up, placing the city within its walls and is surrounded by vast fields and smaller neighboring towns. Most remarkable are the four people in the foreground on a hill. Many other maps in the atlas also included figures showcasing local attire and may even point out socioeconomic differences depending on what the figure is doing and wearing. The large cartouche on the bottom-left corner is in Latin, when translated, it explains how Magdeburg was 1) once called Parthenopolis, 2) is the capital of Saxony, and 3) is known for its city walls and proximity to the Elbe. The Magdeburg Coat of Arms can be seen in the upper-right portion of the map, depicting a maiden standing on a city wall, in between two towers, holding a wreath above her head. The 1572 version of the map was copper engraved and later hand-colored. Developed in parallel with Ortelius’ Theatrum orbis terrarum, the Civitates orbis terrarum atlas consisted of copies of maps from printed models or unpublished primary sources. While Hogenberg did engrave this particular version of the Magdeburg map, it was more than likely not an original creation. Following the second volume of the atlas, named De præcipius, totius universi urbibus liber secundus, maps contained in the expanding atlas now included illustrations sent in by readers. In total, the different versions of the atlas all included under the Civitates orbis terrarum title contain 363 maps. (Crisitina Camarillo '23 and Jacob Sanders '25) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Georg Braun and Frans Hogenberg Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Sheet map removed from atlas. 32 x 42 cm Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1572. Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Copper engraving Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Special Collections, Carleton College, Northfield, MN Language A language of the resource Latin Type The nature or genre of the resource City Map Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context <a href="https://bridge.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01BRC_INST/1v6hqgu/alma991017888695902971" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Carleton Library Special Collections (Flat Files) (G5700 1400-1800 Map 08)</a> Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Magdeburg Magdeburg, Germany References A related resource that is referenced, cited, or otherwise pointed to by the described resource. Braun, Georg, Joris Hoefnagel, and Simon Novellanus. Civitates Orbis Terrarum. Atlas. Cologne, Germany: Peter von Brachel, 1640. Accessed February 27, 2023. https://exhibits.stanford.edu/leonardo/catalog/db076zm5895. Woodward, David. "The History of Cartography Volume Three: Cartography in the European Renaissance Part 2." 2007. In The History of Cartography: Cartography in the European Renaissance, 1235-340. Vol. 3. Chicago, United States of America: University of Chicago Press, 2007. Accessed March 6, 2023. https://press.uchicago.edu/books/HOC/HOC_V3_Pt2/Volume3_Part2.html. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Rights for maps held by individual publishers and institutions. Thumbnails displayed constitute fair use. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Braun, Georg, and Frans Hogenberg. “Magdeburgum.” Coloniae Agrippinae [Cologne: Apud Godefridum Kempensem, 1577. city view Civitates orbis terrarum Elbe river Germany Magdeburg https://hist231.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/8b5f1253e164710a180de998647b16d5.jpg a5546e3182fb9f1a5911ad2bf23d6afc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Dukedom of Prussia leaves Poland and joins Brandenberg Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. Ducatus Prussiae tam Polono Regiae quam Ducalis Brandenburgo Novissima Descriptio in tres Palatinatus et Ducatis in totidem Circulos et Minores Dominia Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Justus Danckerts Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Sheet map removed from an atlas or book Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1680-1700 Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Engraving Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Special Collections, Carleton College, Northfield, MN Language A language of the resource Latin, Dutch Type The nature or genre of the resource Regional map Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context <a href="https://bridge.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01BRC_INST/1qvg0jh/alma991017894900302971" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Carleton Library Special Collections (Flat Files) (G5700 1400-1800 Map 21)</a> Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Prussia Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia Northeast Poland References A related resource that is referenced, cited, or otherwise pointed to by the described resource. Barber, Peter Michael. "Enlightened Mapping? Maps in the Europe of the Enlightenment." The Cartographic Journal 57, no. 4 (2020): 379-399. Clark, Christopher. Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600-1947. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006. Danku, Gyuri, and Zoltán Sümeghy. “The Danckerts Atlas: The Production and Chronology of Its Maps.” Imago Mundi 59, no. 1 (2007): 43–77. <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/40234067">http://www.jstor.org/stable/40234067</a>. Feuchtwanger, E.J. Prussia: Myth and Reality: The Role of Prussia in German History. Chicago: Henry Regnery Company, 1970. Friedrich, Karin. Brandenburg-Prussia, 1466-1806. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012. Shennan, Margaret. The Rise of Brandenburg-Prussia. London and New York: Routledge, 1995. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Rights for maps held by individual publishers and institutions. Thumbnails displayed constitute fair use. Description An account of the resource This map is a rectangular map of the Baltic area from about 38˚ to 45˚ longitude and from about 53˚ to 56˚ latitude. The latitude and longitude are marked along the borders of the map in alternating stripes of black and tan. A blue key in the lower right corner of the map, fashioned like black text on a pale blue, Roman-esque marble block, shows the scale of the map in German units of measurement (15 to a degree, with 9 shown) and Gallican units (20 to a degree, 12 shown). In the top left corner is an ornate cartouche, showing two women in colorful robes sitting on a cloud, surrounded by cherubs. One cherub holds up the Prussian crest, and two others hold up a green and pink banner with the following text: “DUCATUS PRUSSIÆ tam POLONO REGIÆ quam DUCALIS BRANDENBURGO Novissima Descriptio in tres Palatinatus et Ducalis in totidem Circulos et Minores Dominia Auctore LUSTUS DANCKERTS AMSTELODAMS cum Privilegio Ordinum Hollandiæ et Westfrisiæ” The map itself is printed on white paper using an engraved sheet of copper and black ink. The sea in the north is not embellished in any way, except with the words “MARE BALTICUM vulgo DE OOST ZEE” and with a drawing of a cross-bearing orb. It is only differentiated from the land by a thin band of shading around the coasts. The land itself is heavily detailed, with small trees engraved on the northern, central, and southern areas of the map and mountains engraved in the west. There are many lakes, shaded in black, in the central and south of the map, and fewer in the northwest. The landmass is crossed with rivers– major rivers are drawn as bands of white outlined in black, and minor rivers as black lines. Political boundaries are marked on the map using colored ink, which seems to be applied with a brush. The largest political entities are labeled “BRANDENBURGICA” and “PRUSSIA REGIO” and together span from the northern coast to almost the southernmost edge of the map, and all the way from east to west. The two regions are separated by a meandering magenta line from north to south down the center of the map, but both are outlined in yellow ink, suggesting that they are one entity. There is also a region labeled “POLONIA MAIOR” and “POLONIA PARS” along the southern edge of the map, outlined in green ink, an area labeled “SAMOGITIÆ DUCATUS ARS” in the northeast, outlined in magenta ink, and an area in the west labeled “POMERANIA”. The borders between Pomerania and Prussia Regio, and between Prussia and Ducatus Ars, appear blurred, with yellow and magenta ink that has faded more than the other borders and has been smudged together into a reddish color. There is also a faint magenta border running through Prussia Regio that has faded significantly, and appears to not be an intentional part of the map. The 17th century was considered the Netherlands’ “Golden Age” of cartography. The Dutch were known throughout Europe as pre-eminent mapmakers, and especially makers of decorative atlases. British mapmakers sometimes attempted to pass their own maps off as Dutch by either emulating the styles of engraving and leaving their names off their own maps, or by reusing Dutch copper plates to print maps in their own shops. Prior to 1680, Dutch maps were not solely geographic tools. The commercial, political, and cultural information in them was just as important. Dutch mapmakers would include decorative cartouches, borders, and images of cities and regents of the area that sought to establish the area being mapped as a powerful and legitimate political entity. The maps themselves were also often aesthetically pleasing, and served as decoration as well as intellectual works. This particular map was published by Justus Danckerts (b. 1635, d. 1701), a Dutch engraver and map publisher active between 1660 and 1700. Danckerts inherited a map publishing house in Antwerp from his father, and turned it into one of the leading houses in the city. Danckerts published a series of major maps and folio atlases in the 1680s and 1690s with the assistance of two of his sons, Theodorus and Cornelis II, who were trained in etching and engraving. It is likely that this particular map was engraved by Cornelis II. While it is difficult to date this family’s geographic works because they rarely attached a year to their maps, this map of Prussia likely originated from one of the atlases the family created during these two decades. This date range corresponds to either the later years of Frederick William, the Great Elector, who ruled Brandenburg from 1640 to 1688, or the reign of his immediate successor. Frederick William’s reign began after the devastation of the 30 Years’ War, when two-thirds of Brandenburg was occupied and plundered by Sweden. Much of his energy was dedicated towards establishing Brandenburg as a state which could project a large amount of power despite its small size, largely through military reforms. This building of power culminated in Frederick William’s securing of full sovereignty over the Duchy of Prussia in 1657 at the expense of Poland through a series of military conflicts and shrewd diplomatic maneuvers. This map could be read as a proclamation of strong Brandenburg rule over Prussia at a time when such control was new and still tenuous. (Scott Hudson '24 and Casey Wiener '25) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Danckerts, Justus. “Ducatus Prussiae tam Polono Regiae quam Ducalis Brandenburgo Novissima Descriptio in tres Palatinatus et Ducatis in totidem Circulos et Minores Dominia.” Amsterdam: 1680-1700. Brandenburg Germany Prussia sheet map https://hist231.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/b6f6d700512480a21fbcd324d8e8318c.jpeg a584b28b73bd05b7c0fbd080171eea29 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource View with a Chain Description An account of the resource This large (52 in. x 23 in.) woodcut from the 1470s or early 1480s attributed to Francesco Rossselli depicts the entire city of Florence and the Arno valley. The perspective on the city is from an elevated position, providing a bird’s-eye view. The city is portrayed in high detail with individual buildings, gates, and other features labeled. The River Arno is a dominant feature on the landscape. It flows from distant mountains pictured in the background behind the city, through the center of the city where its channel is tightly constrained, and leaves the city in the foreground of the image. The part of the city on the left bank of the Arno appears to have more buildings and greater density of buildings than the part of the city on the right bank. The dome of the cathedral dominates the city. There are four bridges which span the Arno. The distinction between the city and the surrounding areas is clear, as curving city walls contain the city on both the left and right banks of the Arno. Gates allow for passage into and out of the city. The density of buildings is far greater within the walls than outside the walls, though the density of buildings varies considerably within the walls. In the countryside, there are scattered trees, hilly terrain, churches, and other buildings. In the foreground of the image, people are shown fishing in the river and engaging in other activities on the river bank. A person close to the position from where the city is viewed is shown drawing in a book. A chain is represented surrounding the entire image, and in the top left corner there is a padlock with a dangling chain: it is from this chain that the map gets its name. The map is titled "Fiorenza" instead of Firenze (Italian for Florence). The name was associated with peace and prosperity and was used in texts praising the city's prosperity; with indications of summer time (the trees just leafing out), it gives the image a tone of celebration. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Francesco Rosselli Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Berlin, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Kupferstichkabinett, 899-100. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Sheet map Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Kreuer, Werner, and Hein-Th Schulze Altcappenberg. Veduta della catena, Fiorenza = Die grosse Ansicht von Florenz: Essener Bearbeitung der grossen Ansicht von Florenz des Berliner Kupferstichkabinetts: der Kettenplan. Berlin: Wasmuth, 1998. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1471x1482 Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Woodcut Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Special Collections, Carleton College, Northfield, MN Relation A related resource https://smb.museum-digital.de/index.php?t=objekt&oges=97597 https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/la-veduta-della-catena-florence-and-its-monuments-palazzo-vecchio-museum/JAIiVU6eaWEIJQ?hl=en Language A language of the resource Italian Type The nature or genre of the resource City view Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context <a href="https://bridge.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01BRC_INST/7q4f00/alma991015798679702971" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Carleton Library Special Collections Map (Map, Rolled) DG733 .K738 1998</a> Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Florence References A related resource that is referenced, cited, or otherwise pointed to by the described resource. Ballon, Hilary and David Friedman. "Portraying the City in Early Modern Europe: Measurement, Representation, and Planning." In The History of Cartography vol. 3, edited by David Woodward, 680-704. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007. Harvey, P.D.A. “Local and Regional Cartography in Medieval Europe.” In The History of Cartography vol. 1, edited by J.B Harley and David Woodward, 464-501. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Rights for maps held by individual publishers and institutions. Thumbnails displayed constitute fair use. Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. La veduta della catena; Map with a Chain 15th century buildings city plans city views countryside Florence Italy rivers https://hist231.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/80c40b0137ffdb49ffb35960cb0b2098.jpg ca780b9d4aed72a9bc66949a31522ecd Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Road to Rome map Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. Romweg map; Das ist der Rom Weg von meylen zu meylen mit puncten verzeychnet von eyner stat zu der andern durch deutzsche lantt Description An account of the resource This is a facsimile of a rare colored version of a black and white woodcut map that highlights routes to travel from central European countries to Rome. It was likely produced in 1500 AD, a jubilee year for the Catholic Church, meaning many pilgrims would head to Rome for the universal pardon of their sins. The map is oriented with the south up. Routes are represented with dashed lines that weave through cities on the way to Rome. Each dash within these routes is equivalent to one German mile (4.6 US miles). While the focus of the map is on Germany and Rome, neighboring countries are also represented and colored. The colored regions form country boundaries that segment the map. Most of the marked cities are centered around Germany and Rome, but neighboring countries also have cities and routes to Rome marked. Large cities of importance are highlighted with small, schematized cityscapes which contrast with the small circles representing the smaller cities. Due to the Catholic context of this map, important pilgrimage sites are also represented through schematized sketches of the church. These pilgrimage sites are also clustered around Germany and Rome. Etzlaub was originally known for his ability at compass making which he incorporates into this map at the bottom margins. A schematic drawing of a compass sits at the bottom where the reader can rest their compass. The surrounding text gives instructions on how to use the compass and map in tandem to orient the reader with respect to the map. This scientific approach to the map is also exemplified within the distances displayed on the map. The left margin has markings to designate latitude along the map region. These latitude markings are equally spaced which follows the widely accepted projection that Ptolemy used in his calculations in the 2nd century CE. According to one scholar, Etzlaub acknowledges the inaccuracy in this approach, as distances in maps should distort as they approach the equator. This is reflected in this map as the distance markings on the routes displayed in the map become farther apart as they approach Rome. Therefore, while Etlaub may have continued the latitude markings of Ptolemy, he clearly understood the necessity for a new projection that correctly mapped distance distortions. Future maps by Etzlaub would include latitude distortions which would later become commonplace within the Mercator projection which many modern-day maps employ. In fact, it is known that Mercator and Etzlaub were in discussion about these projections suggesting Etzlaub may have been one of the earliest adopters of the modern projection styles. (Max Kuhs '21) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Erhard Etzlaub Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived London, British Library, Cartographic Items Maps C.2.a.7.(2.) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Sheet Map Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Monumenta cartographica 1490-1525: kartographische Denkmäler, ein Triumph über die Zeit: Essener Bearbeitung von sechs Tafeln aus der Frühzeit der Kartographie mit sechs Vollfaksimilierungen, ed. Werner Kreuer. Essen: Institut für Geographie der Universität GH Essen, 1996. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1500 Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. woodcut Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Special Collections, Carleton College, Northfield, MN Relation A related resource http://explore.bl.uk/BLVU1:LSCOP-ALL:BLL01004849134 Language A language of the resource German Type The nature or genre of the resource Regional Map Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context <a href="https://bridge.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01BRC_INST/1tn7c8c/alma991015014199702971" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Carleton Library Special Collections (Flat Files) GA873.5 .K73 1996</a> Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Central Europe, Germany, Italy References A related resource that is referenced, cited, or otherwise pointed to by the described resource. Englisch, Brigitte. "Erhard Etzlaub's Projection and Methods of Mapping." Imago Mundi 48 (1996): 103-23.<a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/1151265"> http://www.jstor.org/stable/1151265</a>. Krüger, Herbert. "Erhard Etzlaub's "Romweg" Map and Its Dating in the Holy Year of 1500." Imago Mundi 8 (1951): 17-26.<a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/1150044"> http://www.jstor.org/stable/1150044</a>. (contains translation of text on page 6) Meurer, Peter H. Cartography in the German Lands 1450-1650. In History of Cartography, vol. 3, edited by David Woodward, 1172-1245. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Rights for maps held by individual publishers and institutions. Thumbnails displayed constitute fair use. Catholicism Etzlaub Germany Pilgrimage Rome https://hist231.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/22ce09d791bc3a6c5242037ddbba9c86.jpg be985069d38a94fb37b58f0e777bedc2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Walsperger World Map Description An account of the resource The map displays Europe, Africa, and Asia and is oriented with south at the top of the page. It marks Christian cities with red dots, and all other cities with black dots. Christian cities are marked in Europe, eastern Asia, and on the island of Taprobana, associated with the burial place of the apostle Thomas; there is one unlabeled red dot on the west African coast. There is a large illustration of a fortified city on the eastern edge of the map. It is probably represents Paradise, as it is larger and considerably more detailed than any other city on the map, although it is not labelled. It sits across from the four rivers thought to originate in Paradise. Around the outside of the map, a series of rings represent other bodies in the solar system that were thought to orbit Earth, including the Sun. The text that accompanies the map refers to Ptolemy (2nd century CE) and the portolan charts as sources, though scholars struggle to find elements drawn from these sources. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Andreas Walsperger Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Vatican City, Vatican Library. Palatinus latinus 1362 B (1448). Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Sheet Map Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Weltkarte des Andreas Walsperger. Zürich: Chr. Belser AG, 1981. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1448 Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Manuscript Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Special Collections, Carleton College, Northfield, MN Relation A related resource https://digi.vatlib.it/view/MSS_Pal.lat.1362.pt.B https://collections.lib.uwm.edu/digital/collection/agdm/id/5150/ Language A language of the resource Latin Type The nature or genre of the resource World Map Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context <a href="https://bridge.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01BRC_INST/1tn7c8c/alma991008705869702971" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Carleton Library Special Collections (Flat Files) (G3200 1448 .W3 1987)</a> Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Europe, Africa, Asia References A related resource that is referenced, cited, or otherwise pointed to by the described resource. Edson, Evelyn. The World Map, 1300-1492: The Persistence of Tradition and Transformation. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. Meurer, Peter H. “Cartography in the German Lands, 1450-1650.” In The History of Cartography, vol. 3, edited by David Woodward, 1172-1245. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Rights for maps held by individual publishers and institutions. Thumbnails displayed constitute fair use. Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. Weltkarte des Andreas Walsperger Africa Asia cosmography Europe Germany manuscript mappamundi Paradise https://hist231.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/08596bea5116d0fc8d6be6c20dba73ba.jpg 16284b3820f232c168a76d6899d3f07d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Khalili Portolan Atlas Description An account of the resource With 62 sheets on Venetian paper stained with black splotches throughout, the Khalili Portolan Atlas combines minimalist portolan charts depicting the cities along various coastlines of the Black Sea and the Mediterranean with several city views of notable cities such as Venice and Istanbul. The portolan style maps feature small building icons denoting the location of cities, as well as elaborately drawn ships in the sea near many of the coastlines. These charts use yellows, oranges, blues, and other bright colors to depict islands and outline landmasses. Of particular note is the large quantity of blank space within these coastline maps—both in the sea and the inland portions of the maps. The city views also contain bright colors, but they feature much greater detail in terms of the buildings shown, and the use of size and curvature to create perspective. Also of importance is the somewhat ambiguous creatorship of the atlas as a whole. Although most of the maps—particularly the portolan charts—are nearly identical to others by Piri Reis in his earlier works, the Kitâb-i Bahriye, it is unknown who compiled them with the city views, and whether or not they were all made by Piri Reis himself or a later individual using his work as a reference. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Piri Reis Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived London, Nasser D. Khalili Collection of Islamic Arts, MS. 718. Formerly in the private Istanbul collection of Halil Bezmen. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Atlas Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Soucek, Svat. Piri Reis & Turkish Mapmaking after Columbus: The Khalili Portolan Atlas. New York: Nour Foundation in association with Azimuth Editions and Oxford University Press, 1996. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Late 17th century Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Manuscript Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Special Collections, Carleton College, Northfield, MN Relation A related resource https://art.thewalters.org/detail/19195/book-on-navigation-2/ [a copy of the Piri Reis's Kitâb-i Bahriye] Language A language of the resource Turkish/Arabic Type The nature or genre of the resource Atlas Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context <a href="https://bridge.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01BRC_INST/luveef/alma991015206579702971" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Carleton Library Special Collections (Folio) GA1303.5.A1 S65 1992</a> Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea References A related resource that is referenced, cited, or otherwise pointed to by the described resource. Rogers, J.M. “Itineraries and Town Views in Ottoman Histories.” In The History of Cartography, vol. 2, Book 1, edited by J.B. Harley and David Woodward, 228-255. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992. Soucek, Svat. "Islamic Charting in the Mediterranean." In The History of Cartography, vol. 2, Book 1, edited by J. B. Harley and David Woodward, 263-292. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Rights for maps held by individual publishers and institutions. Thumbnails displayed constitute fair use. https://hist231.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/8b75d264716c306e6588e20e926b893c.jpeg 8b8fb8c8cf6e12d0736f33aa690c90e9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Columbus Map Description An account of the resource This 15th-century map combines a portolan chart and a world map. Anonymous and not precisely dated, the map is separated into two distinct spaces, divided by a line embellished with gold at the left edge of the sheet of parchment (the "neck" or pointed end). To the right is a portolan chart of the Mediterranean that includes the Portuguese discoveries in Africa as far as the Gulf of Guinea. On the left is a small circular map of the world, which reflects European geographical knowledge at the very beginning of its exploration of the Americas. The cosmography is inscribed in nine celestial circles, which fits with the prevailing geocentric conception of the universe of the time. The only humans depicted are two warring figures in what might be modern-day Mali or Niger, one holding a spear and shield and the other a bow. The map has been attributed to Christopher Columbus, but this remains a highly controversial claim. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Unknown Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Cartes et Plans, Rés. Ge AA 562 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Sheet map Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available La carta de Cristóbal Colón: mapa portulano, ca. 1492-1500. Introduction by José Luis Comellas. Barcelona: M. Moleiro Editor, S.A., 1995. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource ca. 1492 Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Manuscript Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Special Collections, Carleton College, Northfield, MN Relation A related resource https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b59062629/f1.item https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/56928/portolan-on-vellum-the-disputed-christopher-columbus-port-m-moleiro-editor-sa [offers a high resolution digital copy] https://images.cnrs.fr/en/video/6877 Language A language of the resource Latin Type The nature or genre of the resource World map, cosmographical map Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context <a href="https://bridge.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01BRC_INST/1qvg0jh/alma991013341839702971" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Carleton Library Special Collections Map (Map, Rolled) G3201.P5 1492 .C3 1995</a> Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. North Africa, West Africa, Europe, Western Mediterranean, Eastern Mediterranean References A related resource that is referenced, cited, or otherwise pointed to by the described resource. Astengo, Corradino. "The Renaissance Chart Tradition in the Mediterranean." In History of Cartography, vol. 3, edited by David Woodward, 174-262. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007. "Utopie - La Carte De Christophe Colomb." expositions.bnf.fr/utopie/grand/2_27.htm. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Rights for maps held by individual publishers and institutions. Thumbnails displayed constitute fair use. Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. La carta de Cristóbal Colón cosmography mappamundi Mediterranean portolan portolan chart