3 10 80 https://hist231.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/60dbbd5ebb6d082fdbe6bec71555092b.jpg 300e7b5e41855e02e051f54937b5f281 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Description of the March of Brandenburg Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. Brandenburgensis Marchae Descriptio Description An account of the resource This map displays the Brandenburg March, a borderland in northeastern Germany in 1598. The map is engraved and shows the town names, rivers and lakes, and forests of the area. The map is oriented with North at the top although there is not a compass. There are three labeled sections of the map: Marchia Antiqua to the left, Marchia Media in the middle, and Marchia Nova on the right. The three labeled sections are within a small black dashed line which represents the border of the march. Within these three sections there are labels for towns, rivers, and lakes. Berlin is situated in the center of Marchia Media and labeled with a small font. Outside of this march the kingdoms of Saxony and Poland are labeled to the south and east, respectively. The detailed cartouche in the bottom left corner translates to, “This marquisate was first erected by the emperor Henry I in 923, and he was the first marquis named Henry, for once he was under the Saxon leaders.” The text is surrounded by a dark yellow mechanical-looking border and four inward facing heads with red cardinal hats. Angels and figures exist in the ornate border of the cartouche, with a crest showing three red dots at the top of the image. A scale showing 12 German Miles is in the bottom right corner, outlined with similar imagery as the cartouche in the lower left. The map is surrounded by a detailed border, with labels in the four cardinal directions: “Septemtrio” in the North, “Occidens” in the West, “Oriens” in the East, and “Meridies” in the South. The map was created by Abraham Ortelius who was a prominent mapmaker at the time and was based out of Antwerp (Koeman 2007). Ortelius was known for creating the first modern day atlas, which may have featured many regional maps like this one. Because Germany at this time was made up of different territories and regions, many German mapmakers at this time made maps about warfare and political history (Meurer 2007). This particular map doesn’t seem to focus on making such claims and focuses instead on the landscape features within the march. Emma Watson ‘23 and Chloe Truebenbach ‘23 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Abraham Ortelius Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Ortelius, Abraham. “Brandebvrgensis marchae descriptio.” Place of publication not identified: publisher not identified, 1598. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource sheet map removed from an atlas or book Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1598 Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. engraving Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Special Collections, Carleton College, Northfield, MN Language A language of the resource Latin Type The nature or genre of the resource regional map Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context <a href="https://bridge.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991017888798902971&context=L&vid=01BRC_INST:CCO&lang=en&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Carleton Library Special Collections (Flat Files) (G5700 1400-1800 Map 10)</a> Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Brandenburg References A related resource that is referenced, cited, or otherwise pointed to by the described resource. Koeman, Cornelis, Günter Schilder, Marco van Egmond, and Peter van der Krogt. "44• Commercial Cartography and Map Production in the Low Countries, 1500–ca. 1672." (2007). Meurer, Peter H. "Cartography in the German lands, 1450-1650." The History of Cartography 3, no. Part 2 (2007). Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Rights for maps held by individual publishers and institutions. Thumbnails displayed constitute fair use. Brandenburg forests Germany Ortelius rivers sheet map https://hist231.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/8b5f1253e164710a180de998647b16d5.jpg a5546e3182fb9f1a5911ad2bf23d6afc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Dukedom of Prussia leaves Poland and joins Brandenberg Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. Ducatus Prussiae tam Polono Regiae quam Ducalis Brandenburgo Novissima Descriptio in tres Palatinatus et Ducatis in totidem Circulos et Minores Dominia Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Justus Danckerts Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Sheet map removed from an atlas or book Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1680-1700 Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Engraving Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Special Collections, Carleton College, Northfield, MN Language A language of the resource Latin, Dutch Type The nature or genre of the resource Regional map Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context <a href="https://bridge.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01BRC_INST/1qvg0jh/alma991017894900302971" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Carleton Library Special Collections (Flat Files) (G5700 1400-1800 Map 21)</a> Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Prussia Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia Northeast Poland References A related resource that is referenced, cited, or otherwise pointed to by the described resource. Barber, Peter Michael. "Enlightened Mapping? Maps in the Europe of the Enlightenment." The Cartographic Journal 57, no. 4 (2020): 379-399. Clark, Christopher. Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600-1947. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006. Danku, Gyuri, and Zoltán Sümeghy. “The Danckerts Atlas: The Production and Chronology of Its Maps.” Imago Mundi 59, no. 1 (2007): 43–77. <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/40234067">http://www.jstor.org/stable/40234067</a>. Feuchtwanger, E.J. Prussia: Myth and Reality: The Role of Prussia in German History. Chicago: Henry Regnery Company, 1970. Friedrich, Karin. Brandenburg-Prussia, 1466-1806. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012. Shennan, Margaret. The Rise of Brandenburg-Prussia. London and New York: Routledge, 1995. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Rights for maps held by individual publishers and institutions. Thumbnails displayed constitute fair use. Description An account of the resource This map is a rectangular map of the Baltic area from about 38˚ to 45˚ longitude and from about 53˚ to 56˚ latitude. The latitude and longitude are marked along the borders of the map in alternating stripes of black and tan. A blue key in the lower right corner of the map, fashioned like black text on a pale blue, Roman-esque marble block, shows the scale of the map in German units of measurement (15 to a degree, with 9 shown) and Gallican units (20 to a degree, 12 shown). In the top left corner is an ornate cartouche, showing two women in colorful robes sitting on a cloud, surrounded by cherubs. One cherub holds up the Prussian crest, and two others hold up a green and pink banner with the following text: “DUCATUS PRUSSIÆ tam POLONO REGIÆ quam DUCALIS BRANDENBURGO Novissima Descriptio in tres Palatinatus et Ducalis in totidem Circulos et Minores Dominia Auctore LUSTUS DANCKERTS AMSTELODAMS cum Privilegio Ordinum Hollandiæ et Westfrisiæ” The map itself is printed on white paper using an engraved sheet of copper and black ink. The sea in the north is not embellished in any way, except with the words “MARE BALTICUM vulgo DE OOST ZEE” and with a drawing of a cross-bearing orb. It is only differentiated from the land by a thin band of shading around the coasts. The land itself is heavily detailed, with small trees engraved on the northern, central, and southern areas of the map and mountains engraved in the west. There are many lakes, shaded in black, in the central and south of the map, and fewer in the northwest. The landmass is crossed with rivers– major rivers are drawn as bands of white outlined in black, and minor rivers as black lines. Political boundaries are marked on the map using colored ink, which seems to be applied with a brush. The largest political entities are labeled “BRANDENBURGICA” and “PRUSSIA REGIO” and together span from the northern coast to almost the southernmost edge of the map, and all the way from east to west. The two regions are separated by a meandering magenta line from north to south down the center of the map, but both are outlined in yellow ink, suggesting that they are one entity. There is also a region labeled “POLONIA MAIOR” and “POLONIA PARS” along the southern edge of the map, outlined in green ink, an area labeled “SAMOGITIÆ DUCATUS ARS” in the northeast, outlined in magenta ink, and an area in the west labeled “POMERANIA”. The borders between Pomerania and Prussia Regio, and between Prussia and Ducatus Ars, appear blurred, with yellow and magenta ink that has faded more than the other borders and has been smudged together into a reddish color. There is also a faint magenta border running through Prussia Regio that has faded significantly, and appears to not be an intentional part of the map. The 17th century was considered the Netherlands’ “Golden Age” of cartography. The Dutch were known throughout Europe as pre-eminent mapmakers, and especially makers of decorative atlases. British mapmakers sometimes attempted to pass their own maps off as Dutch by either emulating the styles of engraving and leaving their names off their own maps, or by reusing Dutch copper plates to print maps in their own shops. Prior to 1680, Dutch maps were not solely geographic tools. The commercial, political, and cultural information in them was just as important. Dutch mapmakers would include decorative cartouches, borders, and images of cities and regents of the area that sought to establish the area being mapped as a powerful and legitimate political entity. The maps themselves were also often aesthetically pleasing, and served as decoration as well as intellectual works. This particular map was published by Justus Danckerts (b. 1635, d. 1701), a Dutch engraver and map publisher active between 1660 and 1700. Danckerts inherited a map publishing house in Antwerp from his father, and turned it into one of the leading houses in the city. Danckerts published a series of major maps and folio atlases in the 1680s and 1690s with the assistance of two of his sons, Theodorus and Cornelis II, who were trained in etching and engraving. It is likely that this particular map was engraved by Cornelis II. While it is difficult to date this family’s geographic works because they rarely attached a year to their maps, this map of Prussia likely originated from one of the atlases the family created during these two decades. This date range corresponds to either the later years of Frederick William, the Great Elector, who ruled Brandenburg from 1640 to 1688, or the reign of his immediate successor. Frederick William’s reign began after the devastation of the 30 Years’ War, when two-thirds of Brandenburg was occupied and plundered by Sweden. Much of his energy was dedicated towards establishing Brandenburg as a state which could project a large amount of power despite its small size, largely through military reforms. This building of power culminated in Frederick William’s securing of full sovereignty over the Duchy of Prussia in 1657 at the expense of Poland through a series of military conflicts and shrewd diplomatic maneuvers. This map could be read as a proclamation of strong Brandenburg rule over Prussia at a time when such control was new and still tenuous. (Scott Hudson '24 and Casey Wiener '25) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Danckerts, Justus. “Ducatus Prussiae tam Polono Regiae quam Ducalis Brandenburgo Novissima Descriptio in tres Palatinatus et Ducatis in totidem Circulos et Minores Dominia.” Amsterdam: 1680-1700. Brandenburg Germany Prussia sheet map https://hist231.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/8de86c5da321dedebae69b80158c7447.jpg 9f4facdb09a9822386dfef7f596fc86b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Enlargement of Ptolemy's Description Description An account of the resource The Descriptionis Ptolemaicae augmentum by Cornelis van Wytfliet is the only regional atlas published during the first hundred years of atlas production outside of the Low Countries. The atlas was published as a supplement to Ptolemy’s work and its content was largely borrowed from its contemporary world maps, such as that of Mercator. This is the first atlas of the Americas, which comprised nineteen maps; there is a list of the areas mapped on one of the last pages. The particular edition at Carleton was imprinted in Douai in the year 1603 by Franciscus Fabri, who purchased all the unsold sheets of previous editions, together with the plates for the title-page and maps. The first map in the book is a detailed world map with the north at the top, which has every 15 degrees of longitude and latitude as a grid, settling on the scheme based on the four cardinal directions. Van Wytfliet was influenced by Mercator’s tripartite division of the world into the Old World (Europe, Asia, Africa), the New World, and terra australis [southern land]. The map reflects this scheme: it consists of adjacent two circles, depicting the Old World and the New World. Both circles show the terra australis at the southern end. The remainder of the book takes the format of the map of a region in the Americas followed by description of the region. Each regional map is rectangular and the longitudinal and latitudinal coordinates are indicated on its frame. It places emphasis on the coastline of the region in a manner that resembles portolan charts, where not much information is provided inland, and names of the settlements and rivers are written by the coast. In addition, the distinction between land and body of water is made clear by the placement of shadow on the coastline and the sea is given a grey color by filling it with dot-like marks. (Hiromichi Ueda ‘21) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Cornelis van Wytfliet Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Wytfliet, Corneille. Descriptionis Ptolemaicæ avgmentvm : siue Occidentis notitia breui commentario illustrata, et hac secunda editione magna sui parte aucta Dvaci: Apud Franciscum Fabri, bibliopolam, 1603. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource atlas Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1603 Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. engraving Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Special Collections, Carleton College, Northfield, MN Relation A related resource https://collections.library.yale.edu/catalog/16580277 shows digitized copy of two pages from the 1597 edition. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b55010487z/f1.planchecontact [the full 1597 edition] Language A language of the resource Latin Type The nature or genre of the resource atlas Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context <a href="https://bridge.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01BRC_INST/1tn7c8c/alma991002882499702971" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Carleton Library Special Collections (Books, Quarto) E141 .W984</a> Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Americas References A related resource that is referenced, cited, or otherwise pointed to by the described resource. Gallup, Donald. “The First Separately Published Atlas Entirely Devoted to the Americas: Wytfliet's Descriptionis Ptolemaicae Augmentum,” The Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America 76, no. 1 (1982): 63-73. Accessed May 12, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24302542. Koeman, Cornelis, Günter Schilder, Marco Van Egmond, and Peter Van Der Krogt. “Commercial Cartography and Map Production in the Low Countries, 1500-ca.1672.” In The History of Cartography, vol. 3, part 2, Cartography in the European Renaissance, ed. David Woodward, 1296-1383. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007. Zuber, Mike A. “The Armchair Discovery of the Unknown Southern Continent: Gerardus Mercator, Philosophical Pretensions and a Competitive Trade,” Early Science and Medicine 16, no. 6 (2011): 505-41. Accessed May 12, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41350346. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Rights for maps held by individual publishers and institutions. Thumbnails displayed constitute fair use. Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. Descriptionis Ptolemaicae Augmentum https://hist231.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/473cdbc16f8c207889e2a574447d901c.jpg 03360a7b7d2e6afa71b57f7992692468 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Fra Mauro Mappamundi Description An account of the resource Originating sometime between 1448 and 1460, Fra Mauro’s remarkably detailed and complex world map was created at the monastery of San Michele on Murano for King Afonso V of Portugal, along with a secondary copy, which was presented to the Venetian Republic. Measuring 2.4 by 2.4 meters, the central part of the map is contained within an ornate circular golden frame. The central section of the map richly depicts the continental areas of Europe, Asia, Africa, as well as numerous small islands. Over 3000 beautifully lettered red, blue, and gold inscriptions provide a wealth of encyclopedic information. Physical and geographic objects, such as cities, mountains, forests, oceans, and rivers are depicted in an elaborate style. The mappamundi is heavily influenced by a number of sources, including Islamic cartography, as demonstrated by the southern orientation of the map. The mappamundi is also heavily influenced by Christianity and Biblical stories, as demonstrated by the image of the Garden of Eden in one of the four circular depictions outside of the central frame. Another of these depictions, a cosmological diagram of the solar system, reveals another source of information for the mappamundi: Ptolemy’s Geography. The last two depictions are of the four elements and of the earth as a globe, separated into sections by the North and South poles, the Equator, and the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. (Ezra Ward-Packard '20) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Fra Mauro Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Venice, Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Single map Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Leporace, Tullia Gasparrini and Roberto Almagià. Il Mappamondo di Fra Mauro. Roma: Istituto Poligrafico Dello Stato, Libreria Dello Stato, 2002. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1448x1460 Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. manuscript Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Special Collections, Carleton College, Northfield, MN wardpackarde Relation A related resource http://www.bl.uk/magnificentmaps/map2.html Language A language of the resource Italian Type The nature or genre of the resource World map Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context <a href="https://bridge.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01BRC_INST/1tn7c8c/alma991014383909702971" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Carleton Gould Library Special Collections (Horizontal Shelving) G1026 .M35 2002</a> Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. World References A related resource that is referenced, cited, or otherwise pointed to by the described resource. Dalché, Patrick Gautier. “The Reception of Ptolemy’s Geography (End of the Fourteenth to Beginning of the Sixteenth Century)” In Cartography in the European Renaissance, ed. David Woodward, 285–364. Vol. 3 of The History of Cartography. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007. Cosgrove, Denis E. “Images of Renaissance Cosmography, 1450–1650” In Cartography in the European Renaissance, ed. David Woodward, 55–98. Vol. 3 of The History of Cartography. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007. Woodward, David. “Medieval Mappaemundi.” In Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient, and Medieval Europe and the Mediterranean, ed. David Woodward and J. Brian Harley, 286–370. Vol. 1 of The History of Cartography. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. Falchetta, Piero, Jeremy Scott, Caterina Balletti, and Marino Zorzi. Fra Mauro's World Map : With a Commentary and Translations of the Inscriptions. Terrarum Orbis 5. Turnhout : Brepols; Venice: Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, 2006. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Rights for maps held by individual publishers and institutions. Thumbnails displayed constitute fair use. city icons fish Prester John pyramids ships snakes statues traders trees Wind roses https://hist231.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/6a602daefabc3ce186407c7d2d0e49a6.jpg 0a09c601da8125e9a320a010db0f3123 https://hist231.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/970fb2f1eef11dc1f31cb731fa67bbe7.jpg 1565b05aa41b62482b085e34498dfcea https://hist231.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/175bb60d19fac0433fe1484eca4e3119.jpg 97e79c693b6c647762987195886f76c0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Frankfurt on the Oder River Description An account of the resource On an off-white rectangular sheet of paper, a rectangular colorful woodcut print of the city of Frankfurt an der Oder is surrounded by a black frame and its layout is horizontal. This large sheet is actually two sheets connected in the middle. Above the image, a series of Latin words spreads along its upper frame. Under the image, four more lines of Latin can be found; the first line of text, the longest, is printed in the same size as the one above the image. The three other lines, printed below the first, decrease in length in descending order and are printed in smaller text. All words both outside and inside of the map are printed in black. At the bottom right corner, “DD 1 Anno'' is printed in small text. Within the black frame, the city-view map of Frankfurt an der Oder shows the bird’s-eye view of the Oder river, seen from one side. The image has black and white woodblock print as a base layer and on top of it are the coloring and shading added to the image by hands. This map is outstanding due to its two fold artistic interventions coming together from different artists -- the one who does the woodcut print and the one who does coloring. Other similar woodcut prints of Frankfurt an der Oder are often either without the coloring or are colored with one tone of color and lack the shading. In the background of the image is a two-colored sky with blue above and white below. Darker blue color is painted on the space where the print of the carved lines is more concentrated in the sky. Some lighter blue clouds take up the sky’s upper space and different styles of shading help define their forms. Covering most of the sky’s space, a large twisting pinkish ribbon banner with fancy font, printed “Frankfurt an der Oder 1548” and “ANNO DNI” -- which is anno domini or in the year of the Lord, is floating. This is the only place on the map with German words. On the white space of the sky, there are black printed letters, possibly suggesting the names of the buildings and spaces below them. Below the sky, which is decorated with the sinuous elegant ribbon banner, lie the fertile land and city of Frankfurt an der Oder. Behind the mostly bright brick-orange colored architecture, there are green mountains with plowed fields, dark green trees, and bushes. Some simple huts are scattered throughout the area. Although these mountains show a separate agricultural zone behind the city, the map has no atmospheric perspective due to the limitations of woodblock printing. In the city, a cluster of buildings contains various kinds of architecture. The left side of the city seems to be less populated for there are fewer buildings and more trees, while the rest of the city contains mostly buildings. Most of the buildings which seem to be religious spaces have their names accompanying them on the white sky. In the middle ground of the map, the Oder river takes up most of the space. A wooden bridge with a red-roof fort, coming out of the city in the background, connects it to the land in the foreground. The light blue Oder river contains some darker blue markings to create more dimensions and some shading to create the wave lines and the river’s movements. In the river, like the white sky, there are words printed along with the images. Some boats are scattered in the river and some are assembled at the waterfront of the city. Some lumber is also being transported in the Oder. In the foreground of the map, there are unpaved roads -- one with words on it as if to address its name or to point out which direction it leads to. On this side of the Oder, it seems that it is less developed when compared to the other side, since there are scattered pieces and piles of lumber all over. The roads seem to be full of dirt and rocks. Although this side of the river is obviously less populated with monasteries or even human habitations, the collective progress to create a civilized German city is continuing. Perhaps one of the most fascinating elements of this city-view map is the people who are dwarfed by the landscape. Some of them are rowing their boats, some are walking, riding horses, carrying things, cutting wood, and fishing. These people are performing their daily activities without being aware that they are watched by the painter or the map maker. This German landscape is portrayed with its distinct natural and cultural elements, as Sebastian Münster wanted to display German towns with their local specificity. The source and date are derived from the information provided by the donor. (Saly Sirothphiphat’ 21) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Sebastian Münster Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Ptolemy and Sebastian Münster. Geographia uniuersalis, uetus et noua, complectens Claudii Ptolemaei Alexandrini enarrationis libros VIII. Basil: Henrichus Petrus, 1545. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Sheet map removed from an atlas or book Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1545 Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Wood cut Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Special Collections, Carleton College, Northfield, MN Relation A related resource 1. https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/26188/frankfurt-an-der-oder-1548-munster 2. OCLC: 22248296 Historic Cities (Hebrew University of Jerusalem) Language A language of the resource Latin Type The nature or genre of the resource city view Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context <a href="https://bridge.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01BRC_INST/1tn7c8c/alma991017888798802971" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Special Collections (Flat Files) ; G5700 1400-1800 Map 09</a> Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Germany References A related resource that is referenced, cited, or otherwise pointed to by the described resource. McLean, Matthew. The Cosmographia of Sebastian Münster : Describing the World in the Reformation. Aldershot, England;: Ashgate, 2007, pp. 145-150. Meurer, Peter H. “Cartography in the German Lands, 1450-1650.” In The History of Cartography Vol. 3, edited by David Woodward, 1209-1213. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007. Van Putten, Jasper. Networked Nation : Mapping German Cities in Sebastian Münster’s “Cosmographia." Leiden ;: Brill, 2018, pp.18-20. Woodward, David. “Techniques of Map Engraving, Printing, and Coloring in the European Renaissance.” In The History of Cartography Vol. 3, edited by David Woodward, 1209-1213. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Rights for maps held by individual publishers and institutions. Thumbnails displayed constitute fair use. Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. Frankfurt an der Oder 16th century borders cities Europe Frankfurt Germany monasteries Ptolemy rivers traders https://hist231.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/d52c0778be8c5483be7f557b2884de2a.jpg 6ff67e229e846a941a2adad67ba54987 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The Library of Congress is providing access to these materials for educational and research purposes and is not aware of any U.S. copyright protection (see Title 17 of the United States Code) or any other restrictions in the Map Collection materials. Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://www.loc.gov/item/97690053/">https://www.loc.gov/item/97690053/</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Genoese World Map Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. World Map of 1457, Mappa mundi 1457 Description An account of the resource The Genoese World Map of 1457 is a truly unique example of hybridization of different medieval cartographic styles. While still technically classified as a mappamundi, the Genoese World Map represents what author David Woodward understands it as a “transitory” mappamundi, as it draws on three different strands of medieval cartographic thought: medieval mappaemundi, portolan charts, and Ptolemaic geography. We may not know the author of the Genoese World Map, but the author’s legacy lives on, giving modern viewers a unique glance into the world of medieval cartography. Upon first viewing the map, most viewers will be quick to notice the unique shape that the world inhabits, resembling an almond or a human eye. This shape is quite unique to maps of this era, and some researchers like Gerda Brunnlecher have analyzed its possible meaning. In a 2013 paper which analyzes the Genoese World Map, Brunnlecher speculates that its almond-like shape could have come about for a variety of reasons. Most notably, she speculates that the map’s almond-like shape could possibly be traced to the concept of the “mandorla,” an almond-shaped outline used in medieval European art to represent divinity. Most frequently, Christ himself is depicted as surrounded by a mandorla, leading Brunnlecher to posit that in the Genoese World Map, “the frame might signify that the world is Christ’s domain.” Yet, Brunnlecher also writes that the map itself is unique due to its lack of obvious Christian imagery. One defining feature of medieval mappaemundi is their portrayal of both space and time as existing within one defined plane. This can commonly be seen in many mappaemundi through their on-map depictions of the fabled Garden of Paradise, or through the imposition of divine figures (such as angels or Christ himself) outside of the map’s frame. Notably, the Genoese World Map includes neither of these features, and also does not center itself on Jerusalem, as many other mappaemundi do. The Genoese World Map also places emphasis on conveying supposedly contemporary political knowledge (and legendary tales) through its use of visual imagery paired with Latin text. The Asian section of the map is replete with Mongolian rulers, most notably the “Great Khan” sitting cross-legged in what appears to be China. However, by the time of this map’s production in 1457 the Mongols’ influence over Asia had waned, and the Ming Dynasty had ruled China for nearly a century! This reflects the limits of European knowledge of Asia in the 15th century, which appears outdated to modern readers of the map. The Genoese World Map also draws on the influence of portolan charts for its depiction of the Mediterranean Sea, which may appear to modern viewers as the “most accurate” section of the map. Portolan charts were commonly used by sailors throughout the era to navigate the often treacherous Mediterranean Sea, and the map’s outline of the Mediterranean can be understood as an inclusion of the portolan chart model in a mappamundi context. Furthermore, the map also features the inclusion of numerous rhumb lines, which were utilized by sailors to help navigate their ships. While the Genoese World Map was unlikely to have been used by sailors in navigation, the inclusion of this information gives us more insight into the mapmaker’s production process and the sources that they utilized. (Albert Bosler 2025) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Unknown Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Roma: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Fondata de Giovanni Treccani Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Sheet map, 47 x 81 cm Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Library of Congress, <a href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/g3200.ct002087/?r=0.181,0.258,0.685,0.374,0">digital facsimile</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1457 Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Parchment Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Special Collections, Carleton College, Northfield, MN Language A language of the resource Latin Type The nature or genre of the resource World map Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context <a href="https://bridge.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01BRC_INST/1tn7c8c/alma991018025256902971" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Carleton College Special Collections; G3200 1457 .M37 2008</a> Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Europe, Asia, Africa References A related resource that is referenced, cited, or otherwise pointed to by the described resource. Brunnlechner, Gerda. 2022. “The Genoese World Map of 1457: Image and Voice of an Ambiguous World.” Imago Mundi 74 (1): 142–44. <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03085694.2022.2044209">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03085694.2022.2044209</a> Woodward, David. n.d. “Medieval Mappaemundi.” In The History of Cartography, 286-370. Vol. 1. N.p.: The University of Chicago Press. <a href="https://press.uchicago.edu/books/HOC/HOC_V1/HOC_VOLUME1_chapter18.pdf.">https://press.uchicago.edu/books/HOC/HOC_V1/HOC_VOLUME1_chapter18.pdf.</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Rights for maps held by individual publishers and institutions. Thumbnails displayed constitute fair use. https://hist231.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/a4ce286a21d8246139940a5f6161b965.jpg b97f1d6a3fc5eb78abffdf9fc83cc7d7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Geography of Africa Description An account of the resource Livio Sanuta’s Geografia dell’Africa contains 12 two-page black and white maps, sketched by Livio and engraved by his brother Giulio, depicting Africa and its surrounding waters from a variety of perspectives. Published in Venice in 1588, this book, including its maps, builds on foundational trends in Venetian cartography. Because the Venetian economy depended on maritime trade, much of Venetian cartography, beginning with the creation of portolan charts, focused on waterways. Eventually, by the sixteenth century, during Sanuto’s lifetime, hydrographic mapping took hold as cartographers sought to map river channels and systems for the purpose of environmental planning. Giacomo Gastaldi’s topologically-focused Map of 1564 presents the southern tip of Africa’s hydrographical system and inspired Sanuto’s maps shortly after. Like Gastaldi, Sanuto sought to depict as many of Africa’s geographical features as possible based on eye witness accounts, rather than simply treating Ptolemy’s Geography, a dominant text at the time, as incontestable. Maps one through 11 of Sanuto’s work capture specific regions of Africa, and five of those maps depict different sections of the Mediterranean Sea and the African coastline. The other six maps depict snapshots of other corners of Africa. The twelfth map depicts Africa as a whole. Due to Sanuto’s geographic focus, hills and mountain ranges symbolized by bumplike shapes litter this map, although the difference in size among the symbols is somewhat unclear. Sanuto also depicts rivers, which appear on the map as lines. Each of the rivers are labeled in Italian, as are the surrounding seas, in addition to some of the cities and larger regions. Sanuto concentrates most of his labels and geographic features in the top of his map though, causing some of the labels to almost blend in with the geographic symbols. The surrounding areas of the map primarily depict the ocean, which is represented by a collection of faint dots, and a few sketches of ships and sea monsters. It also includes some labeled islands. In the 11 more zoomed in maps, the mountain ranges and waterways become much clearer, as do their labels, as they no longer overlap. Some of these maps also include port labels, sketches of volcanoes, and sketches of manmade structures, such as castles or clusters of teepees. Additionally, because these maps cover smaller areas, Sanuto varies the sizes of his symbols more, making the difference in size among mountain ranges particularly noticeable. He also adds some indistinguishable clusters of symbols that could represent different types of vegetation. Though maps one through 11 include more details than the twelfth map, Sanuto emphasizes the same primary geographic features across all the maps, and each map contains some form of scale marker, in addition to labeled latitude lines, reflecting the increasing focus on geography and proportion in sixteenth century Venetian cartography. Overall, these maps, and the text that follows in the rest of the Geografia, seek to highlight places of interest in Africa and to describe cities and the people living within them. (Piper Brown 2025) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Livio Sanuto Giulio Sanuto Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Sanuto, Livio. Geografia dell’Africa. Venice: Damiano Zenaro, 1588. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Atlas Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Sanuto, Livio. Geografia dell’Africa: Venice 1588. Amsterdam: Theatrum orbis terrarum, 1965. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1588 Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Engraving Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Special Collections, Carleton College, Northfield, MN Relation A related resource <a href="https://exhibits.stanford.edu/renaissance-exploration/catalog?f%5Bauthor_person_facet%5D%5B%5D=Sanuto%2C+Livio%2C+1520-1576">https://exhibits.stanford.edu/renaissance-exploration/catalog?f%5Bauthor_person_facet%5D%5B%5D=Sanuto%2C+Livio%2C+1520-1576</a> Language A language of the resource Italian Type The nature or genre of the resource Atlas Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context <a href="https://bridge.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01BRC_INST/1tn7c8c/alma991014759089702971%20">Carleton Library Special Collections (Folio) (DT7 .S25 1965)</a> Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Africa References A related resource that is referenced, cited, or otherwise pointed to by the described resource. Campbell, Tony. “Letter Punches A Little-Known Feature of Early Engraved Maps.” Print Quarterly 4, no. 2 (1987): 151–54. <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/41823757">http://www.jstor.org/stable/41823757</a>. Cosgrove, Denis. “Mapping New Worlds: Culture and Cartography in Sixteenth-Century Venice.” Imago Mundi 44 (1992): 65–89. <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/1151230">http://www.jstor.org/stable/1151230</a>. “Geografia dell’ Africa by Sanuto, facsimile with commentary.” Carta Historica, Edelweisslaan 13. Accessed October 18, 2024. <a href="https://www.cartahistorica.com/our-catalogue/reference-works-facsimiles/geografia-dell-africa-by-sanuto-facsimile-with-commentary/">https://www.cartahistorica.com/our-catalogue/reference-works-facsimiles/geografia-dell-africa-by-sanuto-facsimile-with-commentary/</a>. Pastore, Christopher. “Embracing the Other: Venetian Garden Design, Early Modern Travelers, and the Islamic Landscape.” In Gardens of Renaissance Europe and the Islamic Empires: Encounters and Confluences, edited by Mohammad Gharipour, 11–30. Penn State University Press, 2017. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5325/j.ctv14gpbt3.7">https://doi.org/10.5325/j.ctv14gpbt3.7</a>. Randles, W. G. L. “South-East Africa as Shown on Selected Printed Maps of the Sixteenth Century.” Imago Mundi 13 (1956): 69–88. <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/1150243">http://www.jstor.org/stable/1150243</a>. Relaño, Francesc. The Shaping of Africa : Cosmographic Discourse and Cartographic Science in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe. Burlington, Vt: Ashgate, 2002. Skelton, R.A. “Bibliographical Note.” In Sanuto, Livio. Geografia dell’Africa : Venice 1588. Amsterdam: Theatrum orbis terrarum, 1965. Woodward, David. “The Italian Map Trade, 1480-1650.” In The History of Cartography, vol. 3, part 1, Cartography in the European Renaissance, ed. David Woodward. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Rights for maps held by individual publishers and institutions. Thumbnails displayed constitute fair use. Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. Geografia del’Africa Africa latitude mountains ports rivers Scale Bar sea monsters Venice https://hist231.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/a6ba5fa69af05569e0224ab348c191c1.jpeg d149c84abf6a6801c96aa19d6148aadb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Girona Codex Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. Códice de Girona Girona Beatus – Beato de Liébana, códice del Monasterio de San Salvador de Tábara, Zamora Description An account of the resource This map is a mappamundi that illustrates Beatus of Liebana’s Girona Codex, one of the most highly decorated manuscripts of his Commentary on the Apocalypse written in the eighth century. This codex was likely made at the monastery of San Salvador de Tábara in 975 CE and was donated to the Cathedral of Girona in 1078. It contains many widely varied introductory paintings, eighty one illustrations of the apocalypse and ten illustrations of the prophecy of Daniel from the Old Testament. This mappamundi is relatively characteristic of other Beatus mappamundi from the time. It displays Arabic influence in Spain through its use of opaque colors and other decorative elements reminiscent of the Arab world. The map is oriented with east at the top and has Adam and Eve enclosed in a square paradise at the top with the snake curling around the edge of the box. The world is encircled by a large ocean with depictions of fish drawn in a noticeably Islamic style. This Islamic influence points to a conflict in the tenth century on the Iberian peninsula between Muslim space and Christian space. Beatus sought to fight back against the spread of Islam by solidifying the Christian space within his maps. This Beatus mappamundi has the general shape of a TO map which was fairly common at the time, where Asia, Europe, and Africa are divided by different waterways, with Asia at the top, Europe on the bottom left, and Africa on the bottom right. However, this map (and other Beatus maps) differs because of the inclusion of a fourth continent on the right edge of the map, on the other side of the Red Sea. In this section of the map, Beatus informs the viewer that this continent is unknown because of the sun's heat but is inhabited by a race called the Antipodeans. Following the evangelical subject of the work the map appears in, the inclusion of this continent highlights the apostles' mission to bring Christianity to every corner of the earth. The mission of the apostles suggested in this map played a key part in reestablishing a comprehensive Christian realm. The map depicts many waterways in different shades of blue, the larger ones containing multiple islands, especially in the vertical dividing water in the center of the map. The map contains many yellow, tan, green, and gray mountains mostly concentrated in Asia. It also includes multiple countries and regions, but only in name and without any artistic representation. (Perry Hefferren-Harkless 2027) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Beatus of Liébana Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Girona Beatus Mappamundi, ca. 975, Museo de la Catedral, MS. 10, Girona, Spain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Map in manuscript Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Códice de Girona. Barcelona: M. Moleiro Editor, 2003. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 6, 975 CE Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Manuscript Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Special Collections, Carleton College, Northfield, MN Relation A related resource https://www.facsimilefinder.com/facsimiles/beatus-liebana-girona-codex-facsimile https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Beato_de_Gerona#/media/File:Mapamundi_del_Beato_de_Gerona_(Tesoro_de_la_catedral_de_Gerona).jpg Language A language of the resource Latin Type The nature or genre of the resource World map Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context <a href="https://bridge.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01BRC_INST/1tn7c8c/alma991005102309702971">Special Collections (Flat Files) ; ND3361.R52 B43 2003</a> Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Europe Africa Asia References A related resource that is referenced, cited, or otherwise pointed to by the described resource. David Woodward. "Medieval Mappaemundi" in Harley, J. B. (John Brian) and David Woodward (Eds.), The History of Cartography, pp. 286-368. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. Emily Goetsch, “World Maps and Waterways: Place and Space in the Beatus Mappaemundi” in Meg Boulton, Jane Hawkes, Heidi Stoner (Eds.), Place and Space in the Medieval World, pp. 198-209. New York: Routledge, 2018. Facsimile Finder - Medieval Manuscript Facsimiles. “Beatus of Liébana - Girona Codex.” Accessed October 18, 2024. <a href="https://www.facsimilefinder.com/facsimiles/beatus-liebana-girona-codex-facsimile">https://www.facsimilefinder.com/facsimiles/beatus-liebana-girona-codex-facsimile</a> John Williams. The Illustrated Beatus : A Corpus of the Illustrations of the Commentary on the Apocalypse. London: Harvey Miller Publishers, 1994. Victoria Morse, “The Role of Maps in Later Medieval Society: Twelfth to Fourteenth Century” in Harley, J. B. (John Brian) and David Woodward (Eds.), The History of Cartography, vol. 3 part 2, Cartography in the European Renaissance pp. 25-52. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Rights for maps held by individual publishers and institutions. Thumbnails displayed constitute fair use. https://hist231.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/03597cf142cbf1f3f9b898ea28ddc884.jpg f479d8076837000edbf1bf88d430ed72 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Halle and Hildesheim from the Civitates Orbis Terrarum [Cities of the World] Description An account of the resource This page depicts views of the German cities of Halle and Hidelsheim. It comes from the Civitates Orbis Terrarum, a multi-volume 16th-century atlas of European and world cities. The engravings, stacked across the page, portray the cities as an approaching traveler would see them. The realistic perspective of the two city views distinguishes them from the bird's-eye perspective of a city map; indeed, the engravings resemble paintings. In the engraving of Halle, two women, assumedly locals, stand before a road that winds through a sweeping green field before reaching the skyline of Halle. The map labels the major landmarks of Halle, its soaring cathedral being most prominent. The lower map of Hildesheim, while devoid of locals, includes a large lake with four ducks. A road passes the lake and bends towards the Hildesheim skyline, whose major features, mostly church steeples, are labeled. The engravings were meant to accompany text in the atlas, which this piece does not contain. The missing text describes notable features of the cities and their regions, emphasizing the ethnographic goal of the atlas project. (Will Gleason '21) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Georg Braun and Frans Hogenberg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Georg Braun and Frans Hogenberg. Civitates Orbis Terrarum. Cologne, 1572-1618. It is not clear which edition of the Civitates the page in our collection comes from. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Sheet map removed from an atlas. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1572-1618 Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Engraving Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Special Collections, Carleton College, Northfield, MN Relation A related resource Digitized volumes of the Civitates Orbis Terrarum available through the Library of Congress: https://lccn.loc.gov/2008627031 A tool for visualizing which cities are in which volume https://clemson.maps.arcgis.com/apps/Shortlist/index.html?appid=ba6fb42c256746f1ae96136087b1e752 Braun, Georg and Frans Hogenberg. Beschreibung und Contrafactur der vornembster Stät der Welt, ed. Max Schefold. Plochingen: Müller und Schindler, 1965-1970. A complete facsimile of the Civitates. Carleton Library Special Collections (Folio) G140.B715. https://bridge.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01BRC_INST/1tn7c8c/alma991014858959702971 Language A language of the resource Latin Type The nature or genre of the resource City view Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context <a href="https://bridge.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01BRC_INST/1tn7c8c/alma991017888696502971" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Special Collections (Flat Files) ; G5700 1400-1800 Map 06</a> Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Germany, Niedersachsen References A related resource that is referenced, cited, or otherwise pointed to by the described resource. Ballon, Hilary and David Friedman. “Portraying the City in Early Modern Europe: Measurement, Representation, and Planning.” In The History of Cartography vol. 3, edited by David Woodward, 680-704. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. Harvey, P.D.A. “Local and Regional Cartography in Medieval Europe.” In The History of Cartography vol. 1, edited by J.B Harley and David Woodward, 464-501. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. Sanderus. “Hall - Hildesheim by Braun & Hogenberg 1596-1640.” https://sanderusmaps.com/our-catalogue/antique-maps/europe/germany-cities/antique-map-of-hall-hildesheim-by-braun-hogenberg-22100 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Rights for maps held by individual publishers and institutions. Thumbnails displayed constitute fair use. Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. Beschreibung und Contrafactur der vornembster Stät der Welt; Contrafactur und Beschreibung von den vornembsten Stätten der Welt Civitates orbis terrarum Europe Halle Hildesheim sheet map Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Hereford Map Description An account of the resource The top of the map depicts a biblical judgment scene and then moves down into Asia, the holy land, then finally Europe and Africa. You may also notice the absence of the Americas on this map. In addition, you will be able to find classic biblical stories like Moses and the Israelites crossing the the boldly represented Red Sea . If you look even closer at the labels on Europe and Africa, you will notice a mistake that proved irreparable because of the gold used to inscribe the labels. Meanwhile, eastern elements of this map captivate your attention as their Latin legends with illustrations tell you about groups like the Essedones in Scythia who eat their parents after death. The mapmaker then fills Europe with contemporary cities and rivers. Ultimately you can view this map as a collage of observational geography governed by religious theory and historical knowledge. (Celeste Koppe '16 and Isaac Shapiro '16) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Richard of Haldingham Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Mappa Mundi, Hereford Cathedral. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hereford World Map : Mappa Mundi. London: Folio Society, 2010. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 14th Century Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Special Collections, Carleton College, Northfield, MN. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Rights for maps held by individual publishers and institutions. Thumbnails displayed constitute fair use. Relation A related resource http://www.foliosociety.com/videos/view/7/hereford-world-map-mappa-mundi Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .jpg Language A language of the resource Latin, Anglo-Norman French Type The nature or genre of the resource Mappamundi Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context <a href="https://bridge.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01BRC_INST/1tn7c8c/alma991015175019702971" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Carleton Library, Special Collections (Books, Quarto) G1034 .H47 2010</a> Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Europe, Africa, Asia and Heaven cities England heaven judgment manuscript mappamundi Red Sea rivers world